RT - Journal Article T1 - The Effect of Knowledge of Result Feedback Timing on Speech Motor Learning in Healthy Adults JF - Iranian-Rehabilitation-Journal YR - 2019 JO - Iranian-Rehabilitation-Journal VO - 17 IS - 2 UR - http://irj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-938-en.html SP - 171 EP - 180 K1 - Motor learning K1 - Knowledge of results K1 - Result estimation K1 - Delayed feedback K1 - Motor speech K1 - Immediate feedback AB - Objectives: The current study mainly aimed at studying the effect of Knowledge of Result (KR) feedback timing and result-estimation opportunity before receiving delayed KR on learning a new speech motor skill in monolingual healthy adults. Methods: Thirty-nine Persian healthy adults were randomly divided into three groups. Each group received immediate KR, delayed KR (after eight seconds), or delayed KR (after eight seconds) with self-estimation of the result in the delay interval. All three groups received verbal KR feedback. Participants were trained to produce a French phoneme (/ɪn/) in the context of words in four training sessions. The correct production of the target phoneme was judged by a bilingual Persian-French examiner holding an academic degree in French language teaching. Later, a transfer test and two retention tests were administered. The two retention tests were administered one day and two weeks after the last training session respectively. Results: The effect of feedback timing on motor performance and motor learning was examined by repeated-measures ANOVA. Performance in both acquisition and retention phases was significantly different between groups (P=0.04 for both phases). One-way ANOVA was used to investigate the transfer of learning (P=0.001). Tukey test results indicated that the groups 1 and 2 were different in both acquisition and retention phases and all three groups were different in transfer test. Discussion: The results showed that the immediate KR is beneficial for the acquisition phase, and delayed KR is more beneficial for the retention and transfer tests compared with immediate KR. LA eng UL http://irj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-938-en.html M3 10.32598/irj.17.2.171 ER -