TY - JOUR JF - Iranian-Rehabilitation-Journal JO - Iranian Rehabilitation Journal VL - 17 IS - 2 PY - 2019 Y1 - 2019/6/01 TI - The Effect of Knowledge of Result Feedback Timing on Speech Motor Learning in Healthy Adults TT - N2 - Objectives: The current study mainly aimed at studying the effect of Knowledge of Result (KR) feedback timing and result-estimation opportunity before receiving delayed KR on learning a new speech motor skill in monolingual healthy adults. Methods: Thirty-nine Persian healthy adults were randomly divided into three groups. Each group received immediate KR, delayed KR (after eight seconds), or delayed KR (after eight seconds) with self-estimation of the result in the delay interval. All three groups received verbal KR feedback. Participants were trained to produce a French phoneme (/ɪn/) in the context of words in four training sessions. The correct production of the target phoneme was judged by a bilingual Persian-French examiner holding an academic degree in French language teaching. Later, a transfer test and two retention tests were administered. The two retention tests were administered one day and two weeks after the last training session respectively. Results: The effect of feedback timing on motor performance and motor learning was examined by repeated-measures ANOVA. Performance in both acquisition and retention phases was significantly different between groups (P=0.04 for both phases). One-way ANOVA was used to investigate the transfer of learning (P=0.001). Tukey test results indicated that the groups 1 and 2 were different in both acquisition and retention phases and all three groups were different in transfer test. Discussion: The results showed that the immediate KR is beneficial for the acquisition phase, and delayed KR is more beneficial for the retention and transfer tests compared with immediate KR. SP - 171 EP - 180 AU - Karimi, Fateme AU - Soltani, Majid AU - Shaterzadeh Yazdi, Mohammad Jafar AU - Moradi, Negin AU - Shahriari, Saman AU - Latifi, Seyed Mahmoud AD - Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. KW - Motor learning KW - Knowledge of results KW - Result estimation KW - Delayed feedback KW - Motor speech KW - Immediate feedback UR - http://irj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-938-en.html DO - 10.32598/irj.17.2.171 ER -