Iranian Rehabilitation Journal
مجله انگلیسی زبان توانبخشی
Iranian Rehabilitation Journal
Medical Sciences
http://irj.uswr.ac.ir
18
agent2
17353602
17353610
10.29252/nrip.irj
en
jalali
1398
12
1
gregorian
2020
3
1
18
1
online
1
fulltext
en
Wh-Questions' Expression in Persian-speaking Children: A Comparison Between Spontaneous and Elicited Probes
گفتار درمانی
Speech therapy
پژوهشي
Original Research Articles
<div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Objectives</strong>: Studies have shown that most children before the age of 5 are capable to comprehend and express wh-questions in daily conversations. This study aimed at comparing the ability of wh-questions’ production in 4-6-year-old children in spontaneous and elicited conditions.<br>
Methods: In this descriptive-analytic study, 72 (n=72) 4-6-year-old Persian-speaking children were selected randomly from kindergartens of Hamadan, Iran. Three different probes were used to evaluate the spontaneous and elicited conditions in the expression of questions with “what, where, who, why, and when”. In the first probe, children were encouraged to ask questions spontaneously about experimental pictures. While in the second probe, the verbal prompt was presented about wh-questions, and wh-words were provided as key-words in the third probe. Repeated measures analysis of variance test with between-subjects’ factors of sex (male, female) and age group (4-5 years, 5-6 years) and within-subjects’ factor of the method (I, II, III) was performed in the study.<br>
<strong>Results</strong>: There was a main effect of probes in “where, who, and when” questions and the mean scores of the II and III probes were significantly higher than those of probe I. Children in probe I received higher scores for why questions than the other probes. “What” questions were expressed more by children in probe II. “Why, when, and where” scores were significantly higher for 5-6 years group than for 4-5 years group. There was no significant effect on all wh-questions.<br>
<strong>Discussion</strong>: The higher accuracy of wh-questions in probe II and III compared to probe I suggested that this competence is significantly developed by the use of elicited procedures (verbal prompt or providing wh-words as key-words) in comparison with no elicitation.</div>
Wh-question, Expression, Persian-speaking children
81
90
http://irj.uswr.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-913-1&slc_lang=en&sid=1
Rezvan
Akbari Manie
rezvanakbari@gmail.com
1800319475328460021280
1800319475328460021280
Yes
Department of Speech Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
Maryam
Tarameshlou
m.tarameshlu@gmail.com
1800319475328460021281
1800319475328460021281
No
Department of Speech and Language Pathology, Rehabilitation Research Center, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Raheleh
Izadifar
raheleh.izadifar@gmail.com
1800319475328460021282
1800319475328460021282
No
Department of General Linguistics, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran.
Saman
Maroufizadeh
saman.maroufizadeh@gmail.com
1800319475328460021284
1800319475328460021284
No
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
Nahid
Jalilevand
jalilevand@gmail.com
1800319475328460021283
1800319475328460021283
No
Department of Speech and Language Pathology, Rehabilitation Research Center, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.