OTHERS_CITABLE Supporting Children With Autism Through the Coronavirus Crisis Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that have endangered the lives of many people with several outbreaks throughout history. The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) recently caused a pandemic [1]. It began in China from December 2019, and by now it has affected 201 countries, more than 37,423,660 people worldwide, and claimed the lives of more than 1,074,817 people [2]. http://irj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1151-en.pdf 2020-06-21 113 116 10.32598/irj.18.2.1109.1 COVID-19 Children with Autism Crisis Seyyed Mohammad Hossein Javadi javadismh4@gmail.com 1 Department of Social Work, School of Behavioral Sciences, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9747-2730 Akram Ahmadzadeh ahmadzadeh.a68@gmail.com 2 Department of Counselling, School of Behavioral Sciences, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8352-6021 Fatemeh Maleki free.simplewave@gmail.com 3 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0352-3125
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE The Effects of an Early Family-centered Tele-intervention on the Preverbal and Listening Skills of Deaf Children Under tow Years Old Objectives: Achieving optimal outcomes in deaf children’s communication skills depends on the availability of early specialized high-quality intervention services. Early intervention services through teletechnology could respond to this need. The development of teletechnology has led to the creation of new formats for family-centered services. Such measures could address the hearing, speech, and language needs of young deaf children. This study aimed to investigate the effects of teleintervention for providing early interventions to the families of newborns and deaf children. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test/post-test and a control group design. In total, 30 deaf children aged 0-2 years, and their parents were selected by purposive sampling method. Then, they were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. The experimental group received the teleintervention program through the internet in 36 individual and group sessions (24 group sessions & 12 individual sessions). The control group received the same intervention program directly at the rehabilitation centers for deaf children. To investigate the hearing and pre-verbal skills, the Preverbal Communication Skills Scale and the Listening Skills Scale were used. The obtained data were analyzed using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). Results: The provided teleintervention program was effective in increasing the scores of hearing and pre-verbal skills in the studied samples. The intensity of the effect on hearing and pre-verbal skills were 0.57 and 0.28, respectively. Discussion: The present study demonstrated the effect of teleintervention program on hearing and pre-verbal skills in the explored subjects. It also indicated that the provided teleintervention was more effective than direct intervention. Therefore, implementing this program is recommended for therapists, the parents of deaf children, and rehabilitation centers for this population. http://irj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-904-en.pdf 2020-06-01 117 124 10.32598/irj.18.2.186.4 Teleintervention Early intervention Preverbal skills Deaf children Maryam Yaribakht m.yaribakht@yahoo.com 1 Department of Psychology & Education of Exceptional Children, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad university, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8548-2162 Guita Movallali drgmovallali@gmail.com 2 Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6860-6653
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE Iranian Physiotherapists’ Perceptions of the Ethical Issues in Everyday Practice Objectives: Considering the significant role of physiotherapists in the process of rehabilitation, their ethical commitment is essential to successful interaction and care provision. However, investigations on the medical professional ethics ​​in Iran are limited. Generally, research in this regard is rare in Asia. Thus, such studies could improve the moral knowledge of the Iranian physiotherapy community. Accordingly, this study aimed to explore professional ethics issues in physiotherapy to provide a platform concerning the challenges of professional ethics in physiotherapy in Iran. Methods: This qualitative study was conducted in 2016-2017 using the content analysis method. The study samples were recruited through purposive sampling approach until data saturation (12 physiotherapists). The required data were gathered by an in-depth semi-structured interview. All of the interviews were transcribed and analyzed, inductively. Results: Physiotherapists in Ahvaz and Tehran cities, Iran experienced challenges in 6 different categories during daily practice. These aspects included the following: therapists’ self-interest-craving, observing patients’ rights, maintaining professional competence, the effect of workplace on ethical conduct, personal ethical outlook, and insufficient professional ethics education. This study implicated the existence of a trend of kick-backs in the physiotherapy community; a problematic trend in the medical community, i.e. addressed by physicians in several articles. Additionally, the lack of receiving ethical education leads to ethical judgments based on personal values rather than ethical codes. According to the current research findings, it To increase the visibility of the article as well as to increase the citation of your article, we suggest that Latin keywords be based on the MeSH list. See: https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/search was problematic for practitioners.  Discussion: Three subcategories of the incompetence of the healthcare system, the lack of supervision on ethical principles, and the impact of poor insurance system on patient admission are related to the endemic conditions of the health system of the country. These issues require serious interventions from executive powers. http://irj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1009-en.pdf 2020-06-01 125 136 10.32598/irj.18.2.221.5 Ethics Professional physical therapy Medical ethics Qualitative research Bioethical issues Niloofar Souri Niloofarsouri1370@gmail.com 1 Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0914-1363 Afsun Nodehi Moghadam afsoonnodehi@gmail.co 2 Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5843-2330 Farahnaz Mohammadi Shahbolaghi Mohammadifarahnaz@gmail.com 3 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Department of Nursing, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0348-9708
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE The Effects of Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction Group Therapy on Anxiety, Depression, Stress, and the Intolerance of Uncertainty in Infertile Women Objectives: The present study aimed to examine the effects of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) group therapy on anxiety, depression, stress, and the Intolerance of Uncertainty (IU) in infertile women receiving In Vitro Fertilization (IVF). Methods: This was a randomized clinical trial with a pre-test/post-test and 3-month follow-up design. The study sample included 30 women with infertility who referred to Taleghani Hospital in Tehran City, Iran in 2018. We enrolled 30 individuals in the present study. The study samples were randomly divided into two groups of experimental and control (n=15/group). All study participants completed the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS), and the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS) before and after providing the intervention. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS. Results: The current research results revealed a significant difference between the MBSR and control groups in IU, stress, depression, and anxiety. Furthermore, there were significant differences in all dependent variables between pre-test and post-test scores except for IU in the experimental group. Discussion: The provided MBSR group therapy could reduce the rate of depression, anxiety, and stress in infertile women receiving IVF; however, it presented no significant effect on IU. In other words, IU may be a complex phenomenon, i.e. amenable to treatment and further studies are required to examine its reasons.  http://irj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-988-en.pdf 2020-06-01 137 144 10.32598/irj.18.2.862.1 Mindfulness-based stress reduction Anxiety Depression Stress Intolerance of uncertainty In vitro Fertilization (IVF) Elnaz Mousavi elnaz48.mousavi@gmail.com 1 Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2816-3277 Sedighe Hosseini shosseini@sbmu.ac.ir 2 In Vitro Fertilization (IVF Center), Taleghani Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4191-0196 Maryam Bakhtiyari Maryam_bakhtiyari@sbmu.ac.ir 3 Depatment of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5106-9775 Imaneh Abasi emaneabassi@yahoo.com 4 Depatment of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9822-8948 Abolfazl Mohammadi a-mohammadi@tums.ac.ir 5 Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Abbas Masjedi Arani doctormasjedi@yahoo.com 6 Department of Community Medicine, Quran and Hadith Reasearch Center, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5521-0257
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE The Impact of Time-use Training on the Quality of Time Management in the Mothers of Children With Intellectual Disabilities Objectives: The present research aimed to determine the effect of time-use training on the quality of time management in the mothers of girls with Intellectual Disability (ID) attending special schools.  Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with a control group design. In total, 80 mothers (40 mothers in the intervention group & 40 mothers in the control group) of children with ID (age range: 6-13 years) were studied. The study participants were selected by cluster sampling method. The required data were collected using a demographic data questionnaire and the Mothers’ Time Use Questionnaire (MTUQ). A time management training program was provided in a one-day workshop for the intervention group. The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS using Independent Samples t-test, Paired Samples t-test, and Chi-squared test. Results: After the intervention period, the quality of time management of the mothers in the intervention group significantly increased, compared to the controls (P<0.05). Discussion: The current research findings suggested that time-use training improved the quality of time management in the studied subjects. Therefore, educational interventions related to time management are recommended for the parents of children with ID. Besides, paying attention to this vulnerable group should be among nurses’ responsibilities. http://irj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1020-en.pdf 2020-06-01 145 154 10.32598/irj.18.2.895.1 Intellectual Disability (ID) Education Time management Children with disability Sanaz Arzhangi sanarzhangi@yahoo.com 1 Department of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4969-5021 Meimanat Hosseini m_hoseini@sbmu.ac.ir 2 Department of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3458-0491 Samaneh Hosseinzadeh hosseinzadeh1391@yahoo.com 3 Department of Biostatistics,School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences University, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0559-148X Mansoureh Zagheri Tafreshi tafreshi45@hotmail.com 4 Department of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3666-3562
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE The Correlation of Supra Patella Effusion With Pain and Disability in Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis Objectives: The present research aimed to evaluate the relationship of supra patella effusion with pain and disability in patients with knee osteoarthritis by Ultrasonography (US). Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 60 patients with knee OA (Mean±SD score of body mass index: 29.81±5.64 kg/m2 and age: 50.48±7.57 years) were selected by nonprobability sampling method. Supra patella effusion was evaluated using an US. All study subjects completed the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) for pain and disability outcomes, respectively. To evaluate the relationship between effusion, disability, and pain, the Pearson’s correlation coefficient was employed.  Results: There was a poor but significant relationship between the area of effusion (r=0.27, P=0.03), the thickness of effusion (r=0.32, P=0.01), with pain. No correlation was found between the trace of effusion (r=-0.08, P=0.5) and pain. The area of effusion (r=0.1, P=0.17), the thickness of effusion (r=0.08, P=0.51), and the trace of effusion (r=0.0, P=0.9) were not correlated with disability.  Discussion: The effusion of supra patella was slightly correlated with pain. In contrast, the effusion of supra patella demonstrated no correlation with disability. http://irj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1045-en.pdf 2020-06-01 155 162 10.32598/irj.18.2.931.1 Osteoarthritis Knee Ultrasonography Effusion Pain Disability Anahita Hasannejad anahita.hasannejad@gmail.com 1 Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9486-7961 Hasan Namvar namvardpt@gmail.com 2 Department of Physiotherapy, Health Promotion Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2261-7506 Kamran Ezzati ez_kamran@yahoo.com 3 Neuroscience Research Center, Poorsina Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8671-5290 Fatemeh Ghiasi f_ghiasi_p@gmail.com 4 Department of Physiotherapy, Health Promotion Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9849-6670 Mohammad Hosseinifar fardash_s@yahoo.com 5 Department of Physiotherapy, Health Promotion Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1866-8642 Asghar Akbari akbari_as@yahoo.com 6 Department of Physiotherapy, Health Promotion Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2993-4574 Amir Salari dr.amirsalary58@yahoo.com 7 Department of Ortopedic, Ortopedic Research Center, Poursina Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000000280497568
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE The Prevalence of Internet Addiction and Its Associated Factors Among Iranian Adults Objectives: The internet is known as an essential part of individuals’ daily life. The present descriptive research aimed to determine the prevalence rate of Internet Addiction (IA) and its related factors in Iran. Methods: In total, 1046 internet users were recruited by a convenience sampling approach. The required data were collected by an online questionnaire, including a sociodemographic data scale and the Persian version of the Internet Addiction test. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS.  Results: The current study findings indicated that the prevalence rate of IA was equal to 57.6%.The highest prevalence rate belonged to the research participants aged ≤35 years (67.5%), followed by females (61.5%), married subjects (66.7%), the holders of MSc and PhD. degrees (65.8%), and those employed in public sectors (68.5%). The highest prevalence of IA was detected among the study participants who spent one hour daily on the internet (94.7%); however, the lowest prevalence of the IA was observed among those who spent >10 hours daily on the internet (16.4%). Moreover, there was no dramatic difference between the internet access source and the IA among the research participants (P˃0.05). There was a significant relationship between all determined variables and the level of IA (P˂0.05).  Discussion: The prevalence of IA was increasing in the studied population. Health educators are recommended to emphasize improving society’s awareness of IA. They are also suggested to develop educational preventive measures on increasing media health literacy approaches. http://irj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1046-en.pdf 2020-06-01 163 170 10.32598/irj.18.2.934.1 Addiction Internet addiction Prevalence Saeed Yarahmadi saeed.yarahmady@gmail.com 1 Department of Health Education, School of Public Health, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8277-6464 Fatemeh Zarei f.zarei@modares.ac.ir 2 Department Health Education, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1561-3646 Afsaneh Sadooghiasl asadooghi@modares.ac.ir 3 Department of Nursing Education, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4756-2428 Sookyung Jeong sookyung7424@wku.ac.kr 4 Department of Nursing, Wonkwang University, Iksan City, Jeonbuk, South Korea. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1802-8672
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE The Relationships Between Some Physical Fitness Factors and Muscle Damage in People With Intellectual Disabilities Objectives: The physical component of tasks can be a problem because of muscle weakness; therefore, this research was performed to investigate the relationships between some physical fitness factors and muscle damage enzyme levels in people with mild Intellectual Disabilities (ID). Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 314 students with ID (Body Mass Index [BMI]: 23.42±4.84 kg/m2), after measuring their anthropometric variables (height, weight, and BMI), performed the Canadian Standardized Test of Fitness (CSTF). This test includes flexibility (sit and reach test), muscle endurance (Push-ups and Sit-ups tests), muscle strength (Hand-grip test), and cardiorespiratory endurance (Canada Home Fitness test). Then saliva samples were collected from 20 subjects who were homogeneous for age (Mean±SD: 20.30±2.27 years), sex (male only), and type of ID, for measuring their saliva levels of Creatine Phosphate Kinase (CPK), Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), and C-reactive Protein (CRP). Data were analyzed by the Pearson correlation coefficient and linear and nonlinear regressions (P<0.05).  Results: The findings indicated significant relationships between some of the physical fitness factors and some enzymes of muscle damage (P<0.05). The results indicated significant relationships between CPK, with push-ups, sit-ups, and hand-grip strength, as well as between the LDH with push-ups and CRP with sit-ups and hand-grip strength (P<0.05). Discussion: According to the results of the present research, CPK, LDH, and CRP saliva levels in males with an ID have a significant relationship with some of the physical fitness components. Also, the results of the present research have provided equations for estimating CPK, LDH, and CRP saliva levels through CSTF battery test scores in people who have an educable ID. http://irj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1048-en.pdf 2020-06-01 171 180 10.32598/irj.18.2.936.1 Canadian test Strength Endurance Flexibility Cardiorespiratory VO2max Hojjatollah Siavoshi seiavoshy@gmail.com 1 Department of Exercise Physiology, Sports Medicine Research Center, Sport Sciences Research Institute, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1030-1424 Hamid Agha Alinejad halinejad@modares.ac.ir 2 Associate Professor, Department of Physical Education and Exercise Physiology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3608-822X Ali Kashi ssrc.kashi@gmail.com 3 Department of Motor Behavior, Sports Medicine Research Center, Sport Science Research Institute, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1125-9125 Mohammad Ali Samavati Sharif m-samavati@basu.ac.ir 4 Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5483-7605 Masoumeh Helalizadeh m.helalizadeh@ssrc.ac.ir 5 Department of Exercise Physiology, Sports Medicine Research Center, Sport Sciences Research Institute, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1325-6000
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE The Effects of 12 Weeks of Systematic and Functional Corrective Exercises on Body Posture of Students Suffering From Pronation Distortion Syndrome Objectives: Pronation distortion syndrome is one of the common physical deformities, that causes distortions in the skeletal structures of the feet. The current study aimed to determine the effects of 12 weeks of systematic and functional corrective exercises on the body posture of students with pronation distortion syndrome.  Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 30 volunteers suffering from pronation distortion syndrome were selected. Then, they were randomly divided into two 15-member groups, i.e. the experimental and the control groups. The experimental group practiced systematic and functional corrective exercises for 12 weeks (three sessions a week, each lasting an hour), while the control group did not receive any exercises. Before and after the exercises, the students were evaluated using the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) screening test as well as body posture tests, including flat feet, pronation angle of ankle joint, knock-knee (bow-leggedness or genu valgum), and lumbar lordosis (swayback). The obtained data were analyzed using the dependent and independent t-tests (P<0.05).  Results: After 12 weeks of systematic and functional corrective exercises, the experimental group showed significant improvement in FMS and body posture (P=0.001). However, no significant difference was observed in the control group (P<0.05). In general, the body posture of the experimental group was significantly better than the control group (P=0.001).  Discussion: Based on the findings of the current study, systematic and functional corrective exercises improve the body posture of students suffering from pronation distortion syndrome. Therefore, these exercises are recommended for such students. http://irj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1049-en.pdf 2020-06-01 181 192 10.32598/irj.18.2.937.1 Pronation Exercises Posture Function Ali Golchini ali.golchini@gmail.com 1 Department of Sport Pathology and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7878-0217 Nader Rahnama Rahnamanader@yahoo.com 2 Department of Sport Pathology and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0443-4303
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE The Effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy on Internalizing Problems of Children With Externalizing Disorders Objectives: The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy on internalizing problems of children with externalizing disorders Methods: It was an experimental study with a pre-test/post-test control group design. Among the students of elementary schools of Tehran City, Iran, 90 boys were selected based on the mothers' report and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) by convenience sampling method. Fifty students whose scores equaled 63 or higher in the externalizing scale were diagnosed as individuals with externalizing disorders. Afterward, 32 individuals who acquired T-score ≥ 60 were assigned randomly in the experimental and control groups (each with 16 students). The experimental group was divided into two subgroups (8 individuals in each subgroup) and participated in 16 cognitive-behavior therapy (Coping Cat program) sessions (1 hour, twice a week). The control group received only the mainstream Program of the school. After the last session, their mothers completed the CBCL again. The obtained data were analyzed by One-way Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). Results: The results of One-way ANCOVA showed that the internalizing problems, i.e. withdrawn/depressed, somatic complaints, and anxious/depressed symptoms of the experimental group have reduced significantly after participating in the cognitive-behavioral therapy sessions.  Discussion: Cognitive behavioral therapy (Coping Cat Program) is an effective method for reducing internalizing problems of children with externalizing disorders. Therefore, the program can be used to prevent the negative consequences of internalizing problems such as poor academic performance and social adaptation of the students with externalizing disorders. http://irj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1063-en.pdf 2020-06-01 193 202 10.32598/irj.18.2.948.1 Externalizing disorders Coping cat program Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Internalizing problems Mozhdeh Daryabeigi mzhd.drybgi7171@gmail.com 1 Student Research Committee, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7983-2787 Masoume Pourmohamdreza-Tajrishi mpmrtajrishi@gmail.com 2 Department of Psychology and Education of Exceptional Children, Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7325-9556 Behrooz Dolatshahi dolatshahee@yahoo.com 3 Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Behavioral Sciences, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2230-9562 Enayatollah Bakhshi bakhshi@razi.tums.ac.ir 4 Department of Biostatistics, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8049-0190
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE Comparing Comorbid Profile and the Pattern of Non-Psychiatric Medicine Use Between Elderly and Non-Elderly Patients with Schizophrenia Objectives: Patients with schizophrenia receive psychiatric medications for many years, and their comorbid profile in old age remains unclear. Moreover, their pattern of non-psychiatric medicine use is of importance. Rehabilitation is crucial in patients with schizophrenia because it improves their strengths and life skills to live independently. These issues are essential in terms of polypharmacy among them, and its associated adverse effects.  Methods: The present cross-sectional study investigated 131 patients with schizophrenia referring to Razi Hospital who were selected by a convenience sampling method. The subjects’ medical records were evaluated in terms of comorbid disorders and non-psychiatric medicine use patterns. Their demographic data were also collected by a separate questionnaire. Results: The frequency of schizophrenia disorder was higher in males aged ≥65 years. The comorbidity frequency of non-psychiatric disorders was significantly higher in the elderly, compared to non-elderly patients. The most prevalent comorbid disorders in the elderly were musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and metabolic disorders; and in the non-elderly neurological, hematological, and digestive diseases. The prevalence of non-psychiatric medicine intake was significantly higher in the elderly. The prevalence of non-psychiatric medicine use in the elderly (e.g. aspirin, heart disease medications, hypertension medications, etc.) and non-elderly patients (e.g. anemia medications, antibiotics, anticonvulsants, etc.) was not similar.  Discussion: In schizophrenic patients, the old age period is associated with more comorbid disorders, compared to their healthy counterparts. Such comorbid profile is similar to other patients; e.g. the most prevalent comorbidities were musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and metabolic disorders. Polypharmacy is a medical problem in the elderly, with numerous adverse effects. The adjunct consumption of psychiatric medications with the non-psychiatric ones highlights the vital phenomena of drug interactions and associated adverse effects of polypharmacy. http://irj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1075-en.pdf 2020-06-01 203 210 10.32598/irj.18.2.962.1 Elderly Schizophrenia Comorbid disorders Polypharmacy Arash Mirabzadeh aramirab@uswr.ac.ir 1 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, University of Social Welfare and rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6159-1375 Gita Sadighi gita.sadighi2018@gmail.com 2 Department of Psychiatry, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Social Welfare and rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9880-6464 Ahmadali Akbari Kamrani akbarikamrani@uswr.ac.ir 3 Department of Clinical Science, Aging Research Center, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Social Welfare and rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2995-9031 Mohammadreza Khodaei Ardakani kh.ardakani@uswr.ac.ir 4 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, University of Social Welfare and rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5057-3494 Golnaz Feyzzadeh golnaz.feyzzadeh@gmail.com 5 Department of Psychiatry, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Social Welfare and rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7903-0741 Mercedeh Samiei mesameiei@uswr.ac.ir 6 Department of Psychiatry, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Social Welfare and rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6642-8446
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE Physical Rehabilitation Accessibility Assessment Questionnaire for People With Physical Disability: A Development and Validation Study in Iran Objectives: The primary focus in the rehabilitation services program is the universal coverage of these services, in other words, to provide better access to these services in any place and situation. The present study aimed to develop and validate a physical rehabilitation accessibility assessment questionnaire as a standardized instrument that can be adaptable to people with physical disabilities.  Methods: An exploratory sequential mixed methods design was used to develop and validate this questionnaire. Appropriate content was prepared through the literature review, related studies analysis, and focus group discussions with a qualitative approach. Then, the face, content, and construct validity and reliability of the questionnaire were evaluated.  Results: The physical rehabilitation accessibility questionnaire with 17 items was formulated, and its psychometric properties were evaluated through testing in a study sample of 200 people with disabilities who filled up the questionnaire. Exploratory factor analysis indicated that 81% of the variance of the accessibility to physical rehabilitation services was determined by four factors of affordability, transport, social support, and information access. Indices of PCFI=0.772, PNFI=0.717, NFI=0.877, CFI=0.952, CMIN/DF=1.867, RMSEA=0.066, and AGFI=0.871 confirmed the fitness of the final model. The convergent and divergent validity and reliability of the questionnaire were also confirmed.  Discussion: The questionnaire has an appropriate psychometric property that makes it useful for assessing the accessibility of physical rehabilitation services for people with physical disabilities. This questionnaire can be used in subsequent studies to measure the accessibility of rehabilitation services. http://irj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1086-en.pdf 2020-06-01 211 222 10.32598/irj.18.2.971.1 Disability Confirmatory factor analysis Psychometrics Reliability Validity Accessibility Rehabilitation Marzieh Shirazikhah dr_shirazikhah2002@yahoo.com 1 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0505-2796 Arash Mirabzadeh aramirab@gmail.com 2 Department of Psychiatry, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6159-1375 Homeira Sajjadi safaneh_s@yahoo.com 3 Social Welfare Management Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1761-9283 Mohammad Taghi Joghataei mt.joghataei@yahoo.com 4 Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Neuroanatomy and Neuroscience, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Iran Medical University, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4254-6426 Akbar Biglarian abiglarian@gmail.com 5 Department of Biostatistics, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9776-7085 Farahnaz Mohammadi Shahboulaghi jorjoran.z@gmail.com 6 Department of Nursing, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8357-0882 Hamid Sharif Nia h.sharifnia@mazums.ac.ir 7 Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5570-3710 Zahra Jorjoran Shushtari jorjoran.z@gmail.com 8 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8601-7193
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE Use and Impact of Social Networks on Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Scientific Journals Objectives: Our research seeks to examine the correlation between the presence of physical medicine and rehabilitation journals in social networks and the SJR impact factor. Methods: We carried out a correlation study. For the research, we took into account all physical medicine and rehabilitation journals included in the SCImago Journal Rank. The number of followers on Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, and the number of tweets were extracted from verified accounts. Journal differences according to the presence in social networks were evaluated using non-parametric tests, and the Spearman correlation coefficient was calculated between the metrics of dissemination in social networks and the SCImago Journal Rank.  Results: Out of 122 physical medicine and rehabilitation journals, 25.4% had the presence in one social network. The H Index medians (32 vs 17, P=0.014) and of the SJR (0.67 vs 0.32, P= 0.001) were better in journals with the presence in social networks. A moderate correlation was found between the SJR and the number of followers on Twitter (r=0.5, P=0.066). The global correlation between the SJR and followers on Facebook was acceptable (r=0.4, P=0.1205). Discussion: Our data show that scientific journals of physical medicine and rehabilitation with presence in social networks have superior quality metrics. Additionally, SJR and the indicators of dissemination in social networks are moderately correlated. Both metrics offer complementary information. Presence in social networks could improve the visibility of journals and their interaction with readers. http://irj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1091-en.pdf 2020-06-01 223 230 10.32598/irj.18.2.988.1 Social networks Rehabilitation Journal Impact Factor. Daniela Cerón-Perdomo daniceronpe@gmail.com 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/000-0003-4871-8807 Carolina Mancipe-García licamaga@yahoo.es 2 Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Service, Hospital Central Policía Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4914-2400 Daniel G. Fernández-Ávila daniel.fernandez@javeriana.edu.co 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1490-1822 Óscar Muñoz-Velandia o.munoz@javeriana.edu.co 4 Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5401-0018 Ángel García angel.garcia@javeriana.edu.co 5 Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Unit, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3606-2102
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE Normalization and Validation of a Questionnaire on Effective Life Skills for Prevention, Treatment, and Rehabilitation of Addiction in Adolescents Objectives: The purpose of this study was to normalize and validate a questionnaire on effective life skills for prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of addiction in an adolescent population (age >10 years) from Tehran, Iran.  Methods: To prepare the questionnaire, several standard questionnaires were combined, including self-control, problem-solving, decision-making, and assertiveness questionnaires. Afterward, the validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed. Results: The questionnaire consisted of 40 questions on four main skills including 10 questions targeting one specific skill. The questionnaire was examined among 160 adolescents, aged ≥5 years, in different parts of Tehran, Iran. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was measured to determine its reliability. The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated based on the ratio of internal variances; Cronbach’s alpha of all items of the designed questionnaire was above 0.7, indicating its acceptable reliability. Discussion: The questionnaire on effective life skills for prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of addiction in adolescents had a completely novel design, which was established for the first time in Iran. According to the findings, it is possible to evaluate the adolescents’ skills regarding addiction prevention and treatment.  http://irj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1084-en.pdf 2020-06-01 231 238 10.32598/irj.18.2.910.2 Life skills test Adolescents Questionnaire Hossein Gharaati Sotoudeh 1 Department of Psychology, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3642-0501 Masoud Arefnazari masoud_aref@yahoo.com 2 Department of Psychology, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8050-9506