ORIGINAL_ARTICLE The Iranian SF-12 Health Survey Version 2 (SF-12v2): Factorial and Convergent Validity, Internal Consistency and Test-Retest in a Healthy Sample Objectives: Within the context of Health-Related Quality of Life studies, it was necessary to translate and evaluate the psychometric properties of the SF-12 Health Survey version 2. The aim of this study was to investigate the factorial structure, convergent validity and reliability of this instrument in a healthy Iranian sample, following translation and establishment of content and face validity. Methods: In this cross-sectional study the translated instrument was administered together with the Sense of Coherence Scale and Health Index in a convenience sample of healthy people (n=289) aged 18 to 76 years old between June and September 2006. A test-retest was conducted one month later. Results: Content Validity Index for Scale (85.6%) and face validity of the instrument were acceptable. The results of Exploratory Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling by four models verified the existing two-factor structure, a physical and a mental component summary. All models exceeded the goodness of fit indices and showed a resemblance with the original instrument, except for models 3 and 4 (allowing cross-loadings). Although in these two models the General Health item and scale was loaded to the mental component rather than the physical component, construct validity of the instrument was confirmed. Also, physical and mental component summaries were significantly (P<0.001) correlated to the Sense of Coherence Scale (r=0.27, r=0.68) and Health Index (r=0.49, r=0.67). Cronbach’s alpha values and the intra-class correlation coefficients were ≥0.70 and ≥0.60, respectively. Discussion: The Iranian SF-12 Health Survey version 2 was a psychometrically sound instrument, implying that it is suitable for use with large-scale surveys in Iranian population, both in clinical and rehabilitation settings or at a public level. http://irj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-185-en.pdf 2010-10-01 4 14 SF-12 Health Survey version 2 Health-related quality of life Instrument translation Psychometric tests Exploratory factor analysis Structural equation modeling Sense of coherence scale Health index Camelia Rohani 1 Karolinska Institutet, NVS Development, Nursing Devision, Stockholm, Sweden. AUTHOR Heidari Ali Abedi 2 Faculty of Nursing & Medwifery, Khorasgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran. AUTHOR Ann Langius 3 School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden. AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE Concurrent Validity of Functional Gait Assessment, Timed Up and Go, and Gait Speed Tests in the Persian Community-Dwelling Elderly Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the concurrent validity of the Farsi version of Functional Gait Assessment (FGA), Timed Up & Go (TUG), and Gait Speed tests in Persian communitydwelling older adults. Methods: Subjects were 100 males in falling or no falling history group (50 subjects in each group). Subjects were community-dwelling adults aged 60-90 years who were living in Tehran city. Each subject completed FGA, TUG, and GS tests once and was scored simultaneously by one tester. Results: Results show that the FGA and the TUG test were negative and significant correlated (r=-0.81, P<0.01), FGA and the Gait speed test were negative and significant correlated (r=-0.77, P<0.01) and also TUG test and the Gait speed test were positive and significant correlated (r=0.67, P<0.01). Discussion: Concurrent validity has been established for the FGA, TUG and Gait speed tests in Persian community-dwelling older adults with and without falling history. FGA, TUG and Gait Speed tests are appropriate gait and balance tools for people with and without falling history, and appear to be more sensitive in identifying and detecting Persian elderly at risk of falling. http://irj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-186-en.pdf 2010-10-01 15 20 Functional gait assessment Timed up & go test Gait speed test Concurrent validity Persian elderly Ahmad Ali Akbari Kamrani 1 University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Seyed Hojjat Zamani Sani hojjatzamani8@gmail.com 2 Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Zahra Fathi Rezaie 3 Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Mohammad Taghi Aghdasi 4 Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran. AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE Evaluation of Spasticity Using the Ashworth Scale with Intermediate Scores (ASIS) Objectives: The main purpose of this research was to study and contribute to an accurate test of spastic limb. The intra, inter rater reliability of the test was examined. Methods: The present study was carried out in two parts In the first part of the study, the modified Ashworth Scale with Intermediate Scores (ASIS) was studied. During the second part of the study the intra, inter rater reliability of the ASIS were evaluated. Twenty cerebral palsy individuals who had spasticity on their knee flexors, eleven males and nine females, recruited in the study, their mean age was 25.4 (range from 18 to 35 years of age). The limbs were tested according to the ASIS. The same subjects were measured twice during a week period by each tester. Results: According to the first part of the study intermediate scores were added to the modified Ashworth scale. In the second part of the study inter operators and intra operators’ reliability of the ASIS were analyzed. Pearson's correlations coefficient were 0.78 and 0.89 for intra rater reliability and 0.46 and 0.53 for inter rater reliability. Discussion: It appears that the Modified Ashworth Scale would be more sensitive if an intermediate score was added to each score (2-4). It was concluded that the intra rater reliability of ASIS measurements was high and the inter rater reliability of ASIS measurements was low. http://irj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-187-en.pdf 2010-10-01 21 25 Evaluation of spasticity Spastic limb Ashworth scale Outcome measures Mohammad Amouzadeh Khalili Moh35ir@yahoo.co.uk 1 Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran. AUTHOR Ali Akbar Pahlevanian 2 Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran. AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE Reliability of the Persian Version of Canadian Occupational Performance Measure for Iranian Elderly Population Objectives: The value of the client-centered approach for treating patients with various disabilities has been increasingly acknowledged. The aim of this study was to determine the test-retest reliability of the Persian version of the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) as an individual outcome measure among Iranian elderly population. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 60 older clients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were randomly selected and underwent the measurements. Based on the performing procedure of the COPM, participants were asked to identify their most important problems within activities of daily living (ADL) and then to score them according to the amount of ability and satisfaction they experience during those activities. All participants were assessed twice, with seven days interval. The correlations between data obtained from two assessments were calculated for ability and satisfaction sections separately using Pearson coefficiency. Results: Data analysis showed that there are good correlation between mean scores of two assessments in both ability (rp=0.80, P<0.05) and satisfaction (rp=0.84, P<0.05) sections. Discussion: Results obtained from this study enhance the value of the COPM as an individual outcome measure and suggest that Persian version of the COPM has adequate test-retest reliability in selected older populations. http://irj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-188-en.pdf 2010-12-01 26 30 Test-retest reliability Canadian occupational performance measure Elderly Neda Atashi 1 Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Uuniversity of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Shahram Aboutalebi 2 Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Uuniversity of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Mohammad Heidari mheidari1364@gmail.com 3 Department of Occupational Therapy, Uuniversity of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Seyyed Ali Hosseini 4 Department of Occupational Theraphy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE The Effect of Vocal Loudness on Nasalance of Vowels in Persian Adults Objectives: Nasality is one of the important parameters in pathology of voice resonance. Voice of normal adults has nasality to some extent. It appears that nasality, like other parameters of voice, can be affected by loudness which can be measured in experimental evaluations. This study was conducted to determine the effect of vocal loudness on nasalance of vowels in normal adults and to identify the relationship between these two factors in 18-28 year-old normal Persian-speaking adults. Methods: In this descriptive-analytic and cross sectional study, sample voices of sixty-five randomly selected male and female 18 to 28 year-old normal Persian-speaking students of Rehabilitation Faculty in Tehran University of Medical sciences were studied. Mean of Nasalance in Persian vowels was computed with Nasal View software. The findings were analyzed with descriptive statistical analysis and one-way ANOVA. Results: Maximum nasalance was in low voice and minimum nasalance was in loud voice in both men and women subjects. The statistical results show that nasalance in 3 levels of low, normal and loud voices have significant differences (P<0.05). Discussion: In normal adults, vowel nasalance is decreased with increase in vocal loudness. This is an aspect of normal speech mechanism. The findings can be explained considering function of velopharengeal port, raise in subglottal air pressure in loud voice, and increased muscle contraction of pharynx and palate. http://irj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-189-en.pdf 2010-10-01 31 35 Nasalance Vocal loudness Persian language Adults Vanoosheh Sadjadi v_sadjadi@yahoo.com 1 Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Ali Ghorbani 2 Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Farhad Torabinezhad 3 Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Yunes Amiri 4 Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Mohammad Reza Keyhani 5 Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE Consanguineous Marriage among the Parents of Hearing Impaired Students in Mashhad Objectives: The prevalence of consanguineous marriage is about 30 % in Iran and this can increase the probability of incidence of genetic impairments such as hearing impairments. Hearing impairment in comparison with other hereditary disorders is the most incident. The purpose of this survey is to identify the prevalence of consanguinity among the parents of sensoryneural hearing impaired students in Mashhad. Methods: One hundred and forty parents of hearing impaired students in primary school and guidance school in Mashhad took part in the study. The questionnaire that consisted of some questions about the history of family and hearing loss was given to the mothers. After finishing the trend of research, the results were analyzed using the SPSS program. Results: The results showed that, in 61.4% of people, consanguinity was present, which, first cousin consanguineous marriage was found among the parents of 43.6% of the students and second cousin consanguinity was present in 17.9% of them and there was significant relation between consanguineous marriage and having more than one disabled children in the family, as, 77.7% persons who had more than one handicapped child, had consanguineous marriage. Discussion: According to prevalence of hearing impairment in consanguineous marriage that was measured 61.4% in this study, therefore, it seems essential, the prevention of hereditary hearing impairment. Consanguineous marriages is one of the cultural problems at present time, that may lead to some inherited disorders like hearing impairment so we should give enough information about the risk of consanguinity and its related outcomes to the involved people. http://irj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-190-en.pdf 2010-10-01 36 39 Sensory-neural hearing impairment Consanguineous marriage Hereditary hearing impairment Seyyedeh Reyhaneh Amini 1 Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Mohammad Kamali kamali@mkamali.com 2 Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE The Multidisciplinary Conservative Approach in Treatment of TOS Objectives: The aims of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of conservative treatment in patients with and without cervical ribs and Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS). From so many kinds of conservative treatment in literature, we used a multidisciplinary approach (correction of posture, maximizing muscle endurance and power, stretch shorten muscles, massage for trigger points and maximize thoracic span with stomach breathing) to get more effective treatment and a longer time of relief with less duration and more long-term relief. Methods: Twenty six female patients with or without cervical ribs, pain and numbness were included in this study. They were assessed in terms of posture, muscle testing and shortness in muscles in all part of the body. Initial pain status were recorded and after eight weeks treatment including posture correction, their pain were assessed again with visual analogue scale that 0 was no pain and 10 was intolerable pain. Results: In 100 % of patients initial pain score were more than 5 in visual analogue scale. 23.1% of cases showed reduced pain scores to lower than 5 scales. Age was not a significant factor (P=0.93) on pain reducing. Type of posture was independent from pain and pain diminishing (0.004). Cervical rib was effective in initial pain (P=0.08) and degree of diminishing pain (P=0.236). Initial pain of 57.1% of patients with cervical rib was 10 due to visual analogue scale (VAS). In 33.3% of the persons with bilateral cervical rib we saw more than 5 degree in diminishing pain. In the 85.7% patients with unilateral cervical rib, we had more than 5 degree diminishing pain and we saw this in all of the non cervical rib TOS. Dicussion: Faulty posture can cause narrowing of the thoracic outlet space and may lead to pain and numbness, and some other symptoms. Correction of posture despite of cervical rib can widen the space and reduces pressure on vessels and nerves. Postural correction and long time follow up must be considered in order to get longtime relief. http://irj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-191-en.pdf 2010-10-01 40 42 Thoracic outlet syndrome Pain Conservative treatment Posture F. Layeghi drlayeghi@yahoo.com 1 Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR M. Farzad 2 Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR S. A. Hosseini 3 Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE Study of the Efficacy of Cognitive Restructuring Teaching at Student\'s Attribution Style and Academic Performance Objectives: One of the education ministry’s concerns in high schools is the problem of academic achievement. The researches have mentioned that student’s false attribution and absence of scholastic counseling service are the most important factors affecting student’s low performance and achievements. The main goal of this research was to study the rate of cognitive reconstructive effect on attribution style and girl students’ academic performance at high school in Khalkhal. Methods: Pre-test and post-test experimental designs with control group were used in this study. Thirty high school girl students were chosen randomly in 2 groups including 15 persons in experimental group and 15 persons in control group. Eight sessions of cognitive reconstructive counseling, like communal for experimental group, were held. Subjects were evaluated by attributive style inventory and school year average by per-test and post–test. The general hypothesis was “cognitive reconstructive education influence, students’ attribution style and academic performance”. Manava and independent groups’ t-test for testing hypotheses were used. Results: Analyses showed that cognitive reconstructive education increase internal, permanent and general attributions for positive events and decrease those attributions for negative events. Discussion: Cognitive reconstructive education increase students’ academic performance. http://irj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-192-en.pdf 2010-10-01 43 49 Cognitive restructuring-attribution style-academic performance Education Academic achievement Niloofar Mikaeili 1 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. AUTHOR Hossein Zare 2 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Payame Noor, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Aref Akbari Alhashem Aref.akbari61@yahoo.com 3 University of Payame Noor, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE Effect of Child Friendly Constraint Induced Movement Therapy on Unimanual and Bimanual Function in Hemiplegia Objectives: Hemiplegia is a non-progressive damage in premature growing brain which causes movement disorders in one side of the body. The objective of present research is to study the method of modified constraints induced movement therapy (CIMT) which can be appropriate on unimanual and bimanual functions of children with Hemiplegia. Methods: This single-blinded, randomized, control trial study performed on twenty-eight participants who were selected based on specific inclusion criteria and divided into two groups of CIMT and conventional therapy. Intervention at CIMT was done six hours every day, for 10 days, whereas another group received conventional occupational therapy. Results: To analyze the data, independent-sample t-test and paired-sample t-test were used. Results showed that significant differences in variables of unimanual function, Jebson Taylor test and dexterity of involved hand in CIMT group, but, these variables did not show any difference in conventional group. Also bimanual functions in CIMT demonstrated significant difference in variables of bimanual function, bilateral coordination, and caregivers’ perception (how much) and (how well), whereas this variables did not show any difference in pre-test and post-test of conventional therapy. Discussion: Child friendly CIMT has fairly good effects on unimanual function and some variables of bimanual function of children with hemiplegia. http://irj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-193-en.pdf 2010-10-01 50 54 Pediatric constraint movement therapy Hemiplegia Bimanual function Unimanual function. Seyed Mohammad Sadegh Hosseini 1 Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. AUTHOR Hossein Sourtiji 2 Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Esfahan, Iran. AUTHOR Atefeh Taghizadeh 3 Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Research Center, University Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE Omid Early Intervention Programme for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Their Families in Iran Child development research has established the importance of support and services for children with special needs and their families at very early stages after the diagnosis. These services offered in the form of the early intervention programmes. There is a dearth of early intervention programmes for children with autism spectrum disorders and their families in Iran. A parent based early intervention programme has been developed based on several preliminary studies in Iran. This programme is called "Omid early intervention programme for children with Autism". It is based on the social model of service provision and tries to establish a good parent–professional relationship through visiting children in their natural context and engaging parents in the intervention process. The programme consists of four phases which in first phase parents and child communication is considered and a resource kit facilitates the interaction. In the second phase updating parental information on autism is targeted through different workshops. Home visits are considered at the phase three and finally at the phase four the main concern is on the preparing a safe transition from home to school via preparing both parents and pre-school staffs. This programme is under trial right now. http://irj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-194-en.pdf 2010-10-01 55 59 Sayyed Ali Samadi samadi-s@email.ulster.ac.uk 1 Institute of Nursing Research, Ulster University, Belfast, Northern Ireland. AUTHOR