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1. Introduction
iolence and sexual harassment are possibilities that could occur throughout the life of any woman at any age worldwide [1, 2]. Although men are also sexually harassed as well, given the gender issues, this subject is more common among women [3, 4, 5]. Women are more prone to violence and their presence in certain situations, such as the workplace, educational settings, and private life could incur negative psychological and physical consequences for them [6, 7, 8].
Violence against women annually affects over 3 million women in the United Kingdom [9]. In European countries, laws on sexual violence against women and children have been enacted as social measures [10, 11]. Violence against women, in addition to suffering for the victims and their families, causes harm to society, and rehabilitation for the victims is one of the costs incurred by societies [12]. Intimate partner violence and sexual harassment of a stranger are two common forms of violence against women [13, 14].
In addition, similar terms, such as “sexual harassment”, have been the focus of many international studies [15, 16, 17, 18, 19]. Over the past 20 years, a great deal of research has been conducted on violence against women and their understanding of the types of violence and the factors that make them more vulnerable to violence [20, 21]. Also, there has been a growing interest since the 1980s in the definitions of sexual harassment. 
An important issue that arises when trying to define sexual harassment is to identify the behaviors that account as harassing [4, 22]. Research shows that almost one in two women has experienced harassment in various forms during their social, educational, and professional lives. The data suggest that harassment is degrading and frightening and can sometimes be associated with physical violence [23, 24, 25]. There were shocking reports in South African newspapers from 1999 to 2004 stating that more than 30% of female students were raped at schools. Also, the incidence of HIV is now more than three to four times higher among girls and young women compared to boys [26], and in many types of research, the authors argued that it is related to violence against women. Research consistently demonstrates that, akin to any other form of sexual violence, workplace sexual harassment also causes the victims significant psychological, health-related, and occupational consequences [27, 28, 29]. 
As Mohammadkhani and Forozan [30] concluded, rehabilitation services should consider the impact of any factor that may be altered or modified by some known mediating interventions. Reducing psychological pathology has a beneficial effect on the experience of spousal violence, which is one of the types of violence against women [30].
Bibliometric measures can assess the volume of research output on a certain subject based on various indices, such as the number of publications on the subject, the number of citations to articles on the subject, and collaboration networks [31]. Bibliographic research contributes to new topics and recent findings in a field through citation analysis and analysis of highly cited studies. Top-cited papers are defined by having received the highest number of citations in a given period [32]. 
To provide better services to people affected by violence, it is necessary to have complete information about the subject of violence itself. Sometimes the hidden dimensions of violence are ignored; this can be considered for rehabilitation policymakers for women subjected to violence by examining previous work and obtaining a model from the results of previous research.
Given the limited number of bibliometric studies on publication patterns and trends on “violence against women”, this article seeks to identify and analyze the top-cited documents on this subject and find a pathway for future research. The quantitative analysis of all the relevant documents and the qualitative analysis of top-cited documents on violence against women give a general view of the current trends of research and guidelines for further research. In this study, we seek to quantitatively and qualitatively classify previous studies on violence against women. By categorizing previous studies, the obtained results and the proposed solutions can be used better. Areas that have not been studied are also revealed to be explored in the future. 

2. Materials and Methods
A quantitative bibliometric study and a qualitative analysis of violence against women were carried out for this paper. Bibliometric studies cannot be a substitute for qualitative peer evaluation; therefore, they should be used with caution only to evaluate scholarly outputs [33]. Adding a qualitative analysis to a bibliometric study helps gain more insight into the scholarly outputs in question [34]. Hence, in this study, a bibliometric study was carried out in addition to analyzing top-cited documents on violence against women.
Web-based citation databases, such as Scopus and Web of Science (WOS) are often used to obtain information in bibliographic studies [35, 36]. Scopus has a broader coverage of social sciences compared to WOS [37]; however, to select the best possible database for collecting data, a title search of the intended search term was first run on both Scopus and WOS. The search term was extracted from published documents and reliable resources about violence against women and included: TITLE: (sexual OR gender OR sex-based) AND TITLE: (harassment OR inequality OR discrimination OR violence).
The title search for the search term on June 29, 2020, led to the retrieval of 11 780 documents from Scopus and 11 218 from WOS. Therefore, Scopus was selected as the preferred source for data collection. The refined search revealed 2123 documents from Scopus, which also included the 2020 publications. To avoid partial information from 2020, this year’s data were eventually removed from the data set. The final search result yielded 1948 documents, which had been indexed in Scopus from 1986 to 2020. These documents were analyzed by the Bibliometric R Package, which is designed specifically for quantitative bibliometrics research [38]. The second software that was used to analyze the data was the VOSviewer, a computer program for bibliometric mapping [39]. Table 1 presents the main information and document types for the collected bibliometric data.

3. Results
A total of 1984 documents were collected from Scopus that were stored in an Excel spreadsheet to extract the main data and analyze them in the Bibliometric R Package and the VOSviewer. The 20 top-cited of these 1984 documents were selected for qualitative analysis. The results of the quantitative assessment of the 1984 documents and the qualitative analysis of the 20 top-cited papers led to the following results.

Annual Scientific Production
Figure 1 illustrates the publication trends in the intended research area from 1986-2020 (up to the end of 2019).

The annual scientific production growth rate was 16.86%. The trend of publication has been growing continuously, reaching its maximum with 239 published documents in 2019. 
Figure 2. Average citations per year illustrates the average citation per year for each document.

This figure was 23.39 for all the years, as shown in Table 1. The maximum average citations per year (5.2) pertained to four documents published in 1990. 
There was one more peak in the average citation per year in 2003, with 5 average citations per year for 23 documents. Figure 3 presents the bibliographic coupling of 1948 documents on violence against women.

The more important a document is, the larger its label and circle [39]. Between 1990 and 2003, issues, such as intimate partner violence, were raised and writers, such as Silverman et al. and Wood et al., [etc., addressed such issues [45, 58]. 

Top 30 authors’ keyword dynamics
A total of 2746 keywords were suggested by the authors of the documents at the end of the abstracts. The VOSviewer software uses both mapping and clustering approaches to calculate the association strength among the keywords [39]. The keywords that were closely associated have been structured into the same cluster and shown by the same color [40]. Figure 4 demonstrates the network visualization and the relationship among the top 30 keywords. Sexual violence, sexual assault, intimate partner violence, violence against women, sexual abuse, domestic violence, child sexual abuse, prevention, and rape are the most important and most used keywords forming a cluster. The top 30 most repeated author keywords with their trends are illustrated in Figure 5.

Keywords, such as sexual violence, violence, gender-based violence, sexual abuse, mental health, bullying, and substance use have been used frequently in recent years. The relationship between cited sources, author keywords, and the country has been illustrated by a 3-field plot in Figure 6.

This figure has selected 3 metadata fields, including the author keywords as the middle field, cited sources as the left field, and the country as the right field. This figure shows the relationship among the top author keywords, top cited sources, and top countries. The most relevant keywords, namely sexual assault, sexual violence, intimate partner violence, sexual harassment, gender, dating violence, prevention, domestic violence, bullying, rape, adolescents, sexual abuse, violence against women, violence, discrimination, women, gender-based violence, mental health, HIV, and depression are mostly the top author keyword. Sources, such as “Journal of Interpersonal Violence”, “Journal of Violence Against Women”, “Journal of Violence and Victims”, “Psychology of Women Quarterly”, “Journal of Adolescent Health”, “Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology”, “American Journal of Public Health”, and “The Lancet” are the top journals publishing articles on violence against women. Figure 6.shows that researchers from the USA, UK, Canada, Australia, and South Africa contributed the most to the publications. Top 30 Bibliographic Coupling of Countries
The authors who published the 1948 documents on violence against women belonged to 166 countries. Almost half of the countries had one document in the research area. The bibliographic coupling of the top 30 countries is illustrated in Figure 7.

The emerging countries in the research area of violence against women have been shown in yellow. According to the acquired knowledge, historically, the number of studies related to sexual violence has been higher in high-income countries. However, the emergence of quality studies from other countries, especially Africa, along with multinational studies examining interpersonal and sexual harassment is changing.
Table 2 demonstrates the authors’ countries divided by single-country publications and multiple-country publications.

The USA was at the top and has published 145 (17.14%) multiple-country publications out of the 701 studies on violence against women. Many co-authors worked collaboratively on the subject of violence against women with a collaboration index of 3.5 (Table 1). High-income countries seemed to report more harassment and discrimination versus lower or upper-middle-income countries.

Top 30 bibliographic coupling of sources
There were 923 sources (journals, books, etc.) in Table 1. The linkage between the top 30 sources is illustrated in Figure 8.

This figure presents the world of clusters of related journals. Clusters that were located close to each other on the map indicated closely-related fields.
Table 3 shows that the “Journal of Violence Against Women” was ranked first in terms of resource impact and second in terms of the number of publications among publications in this field. Table 3 suggests that the number of publications was almost in the same order when the citation frequency of the journal during the viewing process is different. These variations have different reasons. 

Qualitative analysis of the top 20 documents
Evaluating the content of highly cited articles can help in exploring and recognizing the most important research topics and concerns in the field under study. The top-cited documents were selected based on the times cited per year (TCpY) and were then qualitatively analyzed. The TCpY of years passed since the document publication date. The threshold for selecting the top-cited documents was having a TCpY better than good. The publications were qualitatively analyzed based on their titles and abstracts. 
This study reviewed the top 20 articles published on the research subject. As shown in Table 4, we examined the research subject and findings in these 20 articles. 

We found that the vast majority of women have experienced violence against women and sexual harassment (verbal harassment, sexual harassment, intimate partner violence, cyber harassment, etc.). Research also suggests the growing trend of violence against women and sexual harassment, especially in areas such as South Africa. The effects of violence against women and sexual harassment include rising HIV rates and behavioral and psychological problems, such as suicide, depression, and so on. Among the titles, “sexual violence against women”, with 7 documents, and “intimate partner violence”, with 5 documents had the greatest repetition.
Extensive evidence from a diverse population of women shows that one out of every 4 women in the United States has been a victim of intimate partner violence [41]. In addition, the data to help and rehabilitate victims of sexual violence show that 63% of West African women identified by the International Rescue Committee (IRC) were abused by their best partner [42].
Six of the best articles have used surveying and systematic review methods. The use of a questionnaire with two items, an interview with 4, and a survey with 9 items were used among the top researchers in this field. The results extracted from the articles, as shown in the list in Table 4, suggest that the most frequently-reported results pertained to the effects of violence against women on women’s health with 5 studies. The next most frequent result was on the prevalence of sexual harassment, and it is necessary to identify the factors contributing to this rate to prevent it altogether. 
The results reported by Temple, Shorey [43], and Vagi, Olsen [44] showed that one of the ways to prevent violence is to pay attention to gender, awareness, and attitude of adolescents toward violence, which can lead to appropriate programs to prevent violence concerning adolescents. Given the results and the effectiveness of sexual harassment on women’s health and social problems, it is recommended to conduct more research on these issues. Many women do not report their experiences of sexual harassment because of fear or damage to their reputations. Sexual harassment is considered a global pandemic that needs to be eradicated.

4. Discussion
This article aimed to identify and analyze highly cited documents on violence against women and find a way for future research. It is difficult to collect data on violence against women as many do not report their experiences of sexual harassment due to fear or damage to their reputation. Scientific production on this subject reflects the interest of researchers worldwide in favor of progress in the field of violence against women. 
Gender discrimination and violence against women occur in all societies and are prevalent among all social classes. The present findings suggest that violence against women is still a common problem in the world today and has not yet been resolved. The number of publications is continuously growing and the maximum number of publications occurred in 2019 with 239 documents. Examining the articles showed that the vast majority (82.84%) of women have experienced violence against women (verbal, sexual, or cyber harassment, intimate partner violence, etc.). Keywords such as sexual violence, sexual assault, intimate partner violence, violence against women, sexual abuse, domestic violence, child sexual abuse, prevention, and rape are the most important and most frequently-used keywords. In the results, several highly cited articles can be seen. In the results section, “empowerment” and “change in society” are mentioned, which shows the importance of education and prevention in the field of rehabilitation of victims of violence. Sometimes in society, violence may not be prevented in certain areas; however, by empowering women, they can be helped not to be in situations of violence and to prevent violence in some way.
Sources such as the “Journal of Interpersonal Violence”, “Journal of Violence Against Women”, “Journal of Violence and Victims”, Psychology of Women Quarterly”, “Journal of Adolescent”, “Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology”, “American Journal of Public Health”, and “The Lancet” are the top journals publishing articles on violence against women. Research also reports a growing trend of violence against women, especially in regions such as South Africa. The effects of violence against women include an increase in health problems, an increase in HIV statistics, and behavioral and psychological problems, such as suicide, depression, and so on. That is the reason we can find these terms in the author keywords. Endangering the health of women as half of the population is very important; especially in terms of psychological dimensions, as it can have very negative effects. Therefore, by identifying important sources and classifications in this study, we can have more detail in the field of women’s empowerment and help their rehabilitation with preventive measures.

5. Conclusion
An extensive bibliometric analysis of research documents on violence against women was conducted in this study using the Scopus database. Research from 1986 to 2020 has been identified both quantitatively and qualitatively. Examining the articles showed that the vast majority (82.84%) of women have experienced various kinds of violence (verbal, sexual, or cyber harassment, intimate partner violence, etc.). Research also reports a growing trend of violence against women, especially in regions such as South Africa. Since studies show an increase in the prevalence of violence against women in the world, we recommend further studies on the subject, especially in countries other than the US, in which most violence against women studies has been carried out. Examination of the results of previous research shows that researchers have paid attention to the issue of women’s empowerment along with prevention. One of the important issues in the rehabilitation of affected women is to increase their empowerment to prevent further violence. In this study, by categorizing repetitive keywords, introducing and categorizing important sources and prolific journals in this field, as well as a qualitative review of highly cited articles, a model of practical information for rehabilitation activists, especially women who have been abused was designed for future studies.
A review of previous sources shows that the most visited research is related to American and European countries. Non-European countries have conducted fewer studies on violence against women or received fewer citations. This is partly indicative of the taboo nature of violence against women in non-European countries. Well-cited articles on the subject have addressed the causal relationship associated with violence and published a review and identification of the types of violence and its consequences. The extent to which rehabilitation can help women suffer less has not been considered and research has not been widely cited.
Given the various reports that are heard daily about various forms of violence against women, it is necessary to conduct more serious research on this issue in all aspects, especially rehabilitation. In the categories made in this article, the results and suggestions of the research can be used and violence can be used to plan for the rehabilitation of women affected. To plan for an issue, its various dimensions must be known to plan better. Therefore, the classification results made in this article can be useful for rehabilitation activists of injured women. The main purpose of this research, in addition to categorizing the topics, is to reach the point in which there is a lack of research so that researchers can make more efforts in this regard.

Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
This article is a meta-analysis with no human or animal sample.

Funding
This research did not receive any grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or non-profit sectors.

Authors' contributions
All authors equally contributed to preparing this article.

Conflict of interest
The authors declared no conflict of interest.



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