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Experience of Delinquent Adolescents in Juvenile Detention Center of Tehran With Emphasis on Crime Repetition Prevention
Seyed Hadi Mousavi, Mahmood Ghayoomzadeh,
Volume 18, Issue 3 (9-2020)
Abstract
Objectives: Juvenile delinquents are a group of people that is in dire need of psychosocial rehabilitation. In this research, we seek to assess the lived experience in two groups of delinquent adolescents: one group is repetitive delinquents, the second group successfully returned to society. We tried to understand the relevant and essential factors in making this difference. 
Methods: This study is a qualitative research based on Grounded Theory. In this study, samples of adolescents with recurrent crimes and samples that have successfully returned to society without recidivism were reviewed. To do this, we should have investigated each case separately and the whole process that led to the recurrence of the crime. However, because the size of the statistical population is not sufficient to use quantitative and generalized methods, a case-experienced study has been conducted. This method assesses current phenomena in their real-life context, especially when the boundaries between a phenomenon and the context in which it occurs are not clearly defined. Several sources of evidence were used. After the coding of the gathered data and the formulation of the interviews in the form of concepts, the next step was to increase the level of abstraction of these concepts and propositions in the form of subcategories.
Results: Finally, of 222 propositions, we reached 100 concepts that were mainly associated with recurrent delinquency or regret and return to society. Some of the most important ones were family problems (such as parental quarrels, parental addiction, parental unemployment, and a history of a criminal conviction and parental imprisonment).
Discussion: Undoubtedly, one of the essential factors in the occurrence of crime is the environments in which the perpetrators deal with them. They are influenced by these environments whose personalities are shaped. Family, school, neighborhood, dropout, peer group, and general social determinants are influential in juvenile delinquency and its continuation or abandonment.

A Research on Violence Against Women: Are the Trends Growing?
Afsaneh Tavassoli, Sima Soltani, Seyedeh Mahboobeh Jamali, Nader Ale Ebrahim,
Volume 20, Issue 3 (9-2022)
Abstract
Objectives: Violence against women is a global public health problem. Although there has been much research done on violence against women, there are few studies that provide the current scientific production.
Methods: In this study, bibliometric analysis has been used to evaluate the 1984 documents from 1986 to 2020 based on the Scopus database. These documents were analyzed quantitatively by the Bibliometric R Package and the VOS viewer software. In addition, the 20 top-cited papers were analyzed qualitatively.
Results: The research findings show that the United States is a leader in this field with the most highly cited articles and also the greatest number of publications followed by the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and South Africa. A total of 1984 documents were collected from the Scopus database and were analyzed in the Bibliometric R Research Package and the VOSviewer software. The results demonstrated that the average citations per year for each document were 23.39% and the annual scientific production growth rate was 16.86%. The keywords analysis indicates that most articles focus on “sexual violence”, “sexual assault”, “intimate partner violence”, “violence against women”, “sexual abuse”, “domestic violence”, “child sexual abuse”, “prevention”, and “rape.” Sources such as the “Journal of Interpersonal Violence”, “Journal of Violence Against Woman”, “Journal of Violence and Victims”, “Psychology of Women Quarterly”, “Journal of Adolescent Health”, “Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology”, “American Journal of Public Health”, “Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology”, and “American Journal of Public Health”, and “The Lancet” are the top most productive in this field.
Discussion: Examining the articles showed that the vast majority of women have experienced verbal, sexual, intimate partner violence, cyber harassment, and so on.

Women, Sexual Harassment, and Coping Strategies: A Descriptive Analysis
Zahra Mirhosseini, Parisa Pakdel, Marzieh Ebrahimi,
Volume 21, Issue 1 (3-2023)
Abstract
Objectives: Sexual harassment is one of the most common workplace issues that female employees may experience. The issue is especially severe for women working in a healthcare setting due to factors, such as unequal hierarchical power, night shifts, and a significant volume of visitors, etc. This study sought to characterize and categorize responses to and causes of acute sexual harassment.
Methods: Thirty-nine hospital employees who had experienced sexual harassment were selected for in-depth interviews as part of a qualitative study designed to collect data. 
Results: The responses were categorized chronologically as pre-, during-, and post-harassment. Preventive strategies were the most notable pre-harassment responses, whereas, during harassment, diffusion, denial, avoidance, and behavioral changes were the most significant responses. Nonetheless, since diffusion, avoidance, non-disclosure, and non-reporting could result in the persistence of the harassment, the post-harassment strategies shed light on the factors that determined the victims' failure to disclose sexual harassment.
Discussion: Although women experience sexual harassment in healthcare settings, they typically refrain from reporting it and respond passively to such situations. Formal and informal organizational support for the harassed women can empower them to resist harassers and report their conduct in hospital settings. 

The Incidence of Lung Cancer and Smoking in Iran, Turkey, England, and the USA: A Comparative Study
Samira Sheikh, Mohsen Poursadeghian, Marzieh Rohaninasab, Javad Vatani, Elham Akhlaghi Pirposhteh, Sadegh Ahmadi-Mazhin, Ali Salehi Sahlabadi, Maliheh Eshaghzadeh, Amir Hassan Dehghan Nayeri, Alireza Khammar,
Volume 21, Issue 2 (6-2023)
Abstract
Objectives: Lung cancer is the deadliest and the costliest cancer in the world. In this study, we compared the situation of this disease in several countries by considering the most important risk factor of lung cancer (smoking).
Methods: This is a comparative study, a comprehensive one which was done on lung cancer rates in four countries: Iran, Turkey, England, and the USA, during the past twenty years (2002-2021). Age-standardized rate (ASR) index and the percentage of smokers were extracted from available information in the World Health Organization (WHO) databases, The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Health Statistics 2021, and other valid related articles. After comparison, control procedures were examined.
Results: England, with an ASR of 46, has the highest rate of lung cancer, and Iran, with an ASR of 21, has the lowest rate. Turkey has the highest percentage of smokers (29.3%), and the lowest percentage belongs to Iran (20%). Regarding the increasing trend of the ASR index, lung cancer in Iran and Turkey has had an upward trend, and England and the United States have a downward trend. Taxes on cigarettes are a significant factor in smoking reduction. Among these 4 countries, the lowest cigarette tax belongs to Iran (4.83%).
Discussion: The result of this study shows that the incidence of lung cancer in Iran is rising, so following successful countries in imposing cigarette taxes can be an effective step to reduce smoking. Training programs, cultural improvement, and new diagnostic methods can also be useful in reducing lung cancer ASR.

Coresponding author: Alireza Khammar, E-mail: alireza.khammar@zbmu.ac.ir
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Investigating the Parented-reported Quality of Life in Young Children With Cerebral Palsy at Ages of 5 to 7 years
1 Raed Farooq Khaleel, Mohammed Basim Al Khafajy,
Volume 22, Issue 2 (6-2024)
Abstract
Objectives: This study examines the impacts of health-related quality of life (QoL) on children who suffer from cerebral palsy, in addition to sociodemographic characteristics and other aspects.
Methods: Children who suffer from cerebral palsy (CP) who were referred to a Rehabilitation and Rheumatology Clinic in Bagdad, Iraq, were the subjects of a cross-sectional research. The primary data were gathered from parents and kids via a questionnaire. The CP module for The pediatric QoL inventory 3.0 in Arabic was used. The period of August 2022 to February 2023 was used for gathering the data. Researchers evaluated participants using the body mass index (BMI) and the gross motor function classification system. Data analysis was done using SPSS software, version 26 and involved calculating Mean±SD, reporting descriptive statistics, and testing random distribution assumptions. Reliability was assessed via the Cronbach α coefficient and interference analysis, with a considerable level set at P≤0.05.
Results: This research enrolled 139 children of which 55.7% were male and the mean age was 5.7 years. The greatest age group was 5 years (51.1%), 59.7% of children were categorized in levels (III, IV and V) and the majority had a low QoL. The domain of daily activity received the highest score out of the six existing domains (57.05%).
Discussion: CP affects the QoL of children aged 5 to 7 years. The intensity of the gross motor function classification system, physiological and topographical classification, and health-related QoL were associated significantly.

Assistive Technology Assessment and Barriers to Access It in Children with Disability
Mrs Zahra Sattari, Dr Nikta Hatamizadeh, Dr Soheila Shahshahani, Dr Samaneh Hosseinzadeh,
Volume 22, Issue 4 (12-2024)
Abstract
Objectives: Children with disabilities need assistive technology (AT) to explore their surroundings, participate in social activities, and gain developmental skills. This study aimed to assess AT needs and barriers to access it for these children. 
Methods: The study participants comprised 217 children with disabilities aged 6-12 years, randomly selected from the registration list of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Welfare Organization, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran, in 2022. After obtaining informed consent from their parents, study data were gathered by phone interview using the rapid assessment of AT (rATA) tool of the World Health Organization (WHO).
Results: Among the 217 participants, 108(49.8%) used AT devices, and 102(47%) had unmet needs. Of the 55 AT devices named in the rATA, only 14 were used by the children. The most commonly used devices were hearing aids, glasses, and wheelchairs. Unmet needs of ‘chairs for bath/toilet,’ ‘wheelchairs,’ and ‘therapeutic footwear’ accounted for 50% of 132 unmet AT needs. The most common reasons for lacking AT were lack of financial resources (52%) and knowledge about AT devices (30.1%). Most clients were satisfied with AT-use training (92.3%), but only 20.2% were satisfied with AT device repair services.
Discussion: This study highlights the need to improve AT device repair services, overcome financial challenges, and increase parental knowledge about AT devices as the most prevalent barriers to using AT devices. Developing a child-specific version of the rATA tool that includes questions about education and play engagement AT needs is suggested for better estimation of AT needs for children with disabilities in the future.

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