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Health promotion approach is utilized to address the prevention, management and early intervention for stress management and also to promote positive mental and psychological health. Stress affects everyone and must be managed effectively to reduce its chronic and deleterious effects this study consists of two sections: in first section the principals of health promotion in different human existence levels, prevention of disease related to stress, the effect of stress on human well-being, and stress management were discussed. In second section the role of rehabilitation specialists (Medical technologist, nurses, occupational therapists, physiotherapists, respiratory therapists, and social workers) in stress management were counted.

The phenomena of "graying" of population which was started in 20^th century will continue in the next. It confronts the world with new challenges in the realms of health economy, politics, and cultural issues which are very difficult to overwhelm. The problems arising of this phenomena must be welcome, because they are indicators of upcoming development. Aging of population has occurred in developed countries since many years ago. Therefore, their experience in dealing with the resulted problems will be of great help to the developing countries, but it must be remembered that every country has its unique needs and perspectives of future. Thus, modification of existing models of service delivery to elderlies in order to match with the specific conditions in each country is a necessity and major task for policy-makers. Regarding these facts, United Nations in their second General Assembly on the topic of "Aging" rendered the International Strategy for Action on Aging as general guidelines, but stressed that every country must tailor programs to fit to its individual circumstances. In this article, an overview of future demographic changes of the world, challenges of the aging population, and the world programs on aging will be rendered and then a brief glance to what is happening in Islamic Republic of Iran as a country which is going to age in next few decades will be presented.

Objectives: In this research we evaluate an individually family-based Dohsa exercise programme of balance in the aged people and its effect on self confidence for performing common daily tasks with less falling could be influenced by training.

Methods: From a residential care center, five aged person were participated in this study. They were trained by Dohsa method for six weeks. Two types of Dohsa-hou were used: Relaxation and Tate-kei. Tate-kei was the task which required them to control their body vertically against gravity.

Results: The results indicated that most of them had improved their balance and their confidence for doing their daily activities without falling in a better way.

Discussion: The Dohsa family based rehabilitation program could improve their balance and increase their activity by not falling down. The family based programme can be a useful program for rehabilitation therapists in their therapy with aged people to improve their life skills and well beings.

Objectives: Cerebral palsy (CP) is a static encephalopathy with abnormal reflexes that cause motor developmental delay. In addition to conventional methods, complementary medicine like homeopathy has been used in treatment of neuro-developmental disorders. This study has been done to determine the effect of adding homeopathic treatment to rehabilitation on abnormal reflexes of children with spastic cerebral palsy.

Methods: In this study by using minimization technique subjects were divided to case and control groups. The routine rehabilitation techniques were done in 4 months in both groups. The control group received placebo and the case group received homeopathy drugs. Primitive, spinal, brain stem, midbrain, cortical reflexes and automatic movement reaction in the beginning and the end of four months were assessed and compared in two groups. Data collected by assessment forms, direct observations and examinations.

Results: The average age in case and control groups was 28, 28.4 months respectively. Primitive reflexes: Palmar Grasp reflex in 14.3% of cases has improved but in control group has no differences (PV=0.681). Plantar Grasp and walking reflex in two groups before and after intervention have no differences (PV=1). Moro reflex in 28.6% of cases and 11.1% of controls improved (PV=0.408).

Discussion: Regarding to proved effects of homeopathy mentioned in different articles on physical status of children with CP as well as executive limitations, it is not possible to reject the effects of homeopathy on reflexes of children with CP.As homeopathy is young in Iran, it is recommended to make researches about effects of homeopathy on neurodevelopmental disorders.

Objectives: Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is a motor skill disorder which impacts upon a child, s ability to perform age-appropriate activity of daily living and academic performance. They have problems in gross & fine motors, their upper limb coordination are impaired, too. In this way, we decided to compare motors skills with BOTMP test in children with DCD and their normal peers.

Methods: In this study 30 children with DCD (age range is 6/5-8/5) have studied and compared with their normal peers. Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOTMP) was used.

Results: The study showed Motor skills in DCD children are significantly poorer than their normal peers. (P<0/001) Gross motor, Fine motor skills and the upper limb coordination are significant impaired in DCD children.

Discussion: In the process of evaluation Children with DCD, standard instrument, like BOTMP can be used.BOTMP detected deficiency in gross & fine motor and other area like, upper limb coordination. We need accurate in formations for better treatment. BOTMP can be used in the process of evaluation for every DCD child, after that goals of treatment will be clearer.

Objectives: Nowadays, spinal cord lesions, specially its injury, is one of the diseases/injuries that human-being is been affected by. It not only causes irreversible economical/social/cultural problems & uncompensated costs to the patient’s family & society but also, makes active peoples to inactive & needy ones. Till now, there is no successful treatment for these patients so this ailment, its sign/symptoms & effects must be considered as a true negative trouble. Our society is also affected by this injury. Since, understanding the problems & side-effects of this disease is so important (one of the first things need to encounter with) we try to evaluate the problem & effects of that from most expanded point of view.

Methods: In this study 120 patients with spinal cord injury (between 15 to 45 years old) was evaluated. All data were registered in special check list which had been designed for this study & finally assessed. 

Results: After assessing & analyzing information the most prevalent problems were: atrophy (100%), pain with spinal origin (77.5%), spasticity (67.5%), movement limitation (62.5%), pressure ulcer (42.5%), vertebral column malformation (15%), improper ossification (10%).

Discussion: In this study the patients’ problems were obtained, many of them were treatable & preventable. It is considered that by identification of these patients & better medical & rehabilitative care, making good life or even returning to the normal every day life is possible. This study can be a first step for further studies & better treatment procedures in spinal injured patients.

In this, the final issue of 2008 witch contains two issues (7 and 8), I would like to take this opportunity to thank those people who have contributed so much of their time and expertise in the interest of maintaining the highly respected reputation of the Journal. The topics to be covered are multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, spinal cord regeneration, TBI, and functional outcome research. We encourage submission of manuscripts that cover any of these topics.

Objectives: This research studied and compared marital satisfaction level of the women who have infertility problem with those who does not have this problem.

Methods: Totally 180 persons participated (90 infertile women and 90 fertile women) were participated in this study. Participants were comprised of those referring to 3 Tehran city infertility centers. For data gathering in this research, the constructed questionnaire and Enrich Marital Satisfactions questionnaire have been used. Data analysis has been done with use of two independent t-tests and one way variance analysis has been done.

Results: Results showed significant difference in satisfaction level of the fertile and infertile women, while, our research hypotheses were not confirmed in this regard by studying factors effective on marital satisfaction of the infertile women. The number of unsuccessful pregnancies whether in fertile women or infertile women didn’t have considerable effect on the marital satisfaction, while, effect of this factor on marital satisfaction level of the infertile women was higher than that on the fertile women.

Discussion: Generally, by inclusion of limitations in this plan, it is impossible to generalize the present research results with difficulty, though it is inevitable to emphasize on negative consequences of the spouses' life and it is important to pay attention to its different dimensions.

The growth and development process of the child is influenced by reciprocal environmental, psychological and social factors, and the family’s role is very crucial in all of this. It is obvious that although it’s important to start a family, but what’s further important is its survival in a healthy and intimate atmosphere. It has been estimated that between 2 and 12 million American families are subjected to wife abuse. Child abuse takes place in different forms. According to a World Bank report one third of children in the first few years of the new millennium are deprived of their fundamental rights. The present research indicates that those that reported abuse through public information were low in number only at 4.5%, which is indicative of poor education and people participation. In the services that were provided to the victims, counselling and psychotherapy were the highest number, and it is necessary to raise the number of legal services provided for the victims (3%), in order to realise the rights of the individual.

In rehabilitation, we don't often think about globalization or how what we do may have impact worldwide. Many of us don't have the time, inclination, yet maybe we need to think beyond our borders to pick up a global concept. Apparently the era of globalization is having negative implications for the provision of effective psychiatric rehabilitation programs. The question is whether the impact of globalization can be eliminated or even "neutralized" for the benefit of the patient and the family. The answer is positive. There are solutions like the empowerment of the international movement of families and users of services, with parallel efforts for self-actualization and self-determination of any suffering person. At the community level, the atmosphere could be changed by the systematic implementation of various mental health interventions directed at the modification of the local community's beliefs and attitudes towards the interactions of the mentally ill. We hope the authors discuss these issues in our journal. Regarding Iranian Rehabilitation Journal, beginning with this issue, Volume 7, Number 9, two issues will be published each year, one for spring and one for autumn. In this issue, we begin by exploring in more detail the concept of rehabilitation, then use a historical perspective to examine the changing nature and support for rehabilitation as a correctional goal over time. Our attention next turns to the current treatment programs that are found within the correctional system. Perhaps the most important consideration is whether rehabilitation "works" to reduce the likelihood that offenders will "recidivate". Accordingly, we also review the latest research on the effectiveness of treatment interventions. We conclude this entry with comments on the future of rehabilitation as a correctional goal.

Objectives: Talking about needs, it means to consider the reasons of human behavior. Because such behavior starts with one or several needs which will cause to develop different societies according to the degree of civilization, and also social-cultural factors treat differently with blinds, so these different circumstances can create different needs and motivation for them.

Methods: On this basis, in order to measure marriage motivation, a, questionnaire made by researcher using Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which contains 45 questions. The participants consisted of 76 blind (In Isfahan, by using stratified sampling method) and 76 normal. The two groups in respect to age, sex, education level employment and income level were matched.

Results: Statistical analysis of results showed that a significant difference exists in respect and self-sufficient factors of marriage motivation between two groups (P<0.05).

Discussion: With respect to the results, it seems that blind people contrary to relatively deprivation that they face, willing to act upon their own internal values. Therefore any problem in their marriage motivation can be due to their interactions with others.

Objectives: Quality of life for disabled children often has been assessed based on functional status or parental perceptions rather than direct reports from the children. The objective of this study was evaluating the quality of life of mothers with disabled children.

Methods: There is widespread acceptance of the need for disabled children to be fully integrated into society but there needs to be further attitudinal change. Totally forty mothers with a cerebral palsy child and forty mothers with health problems participated in a study. Health Survey was used to assess a mother’s quality of life.

Results: The mean scores on Health Survey were significantly lower in mothers of children with disabled child than those of the other group. The quality of life scores also was correlated with the severity of disability. Coping strategies were clear correlates of health related quality of life when socio-demographic, disability related and social support variables were studied. The relationship between coping strategies and quality of life was the more revaluation of life values.

Discussion: The results suggest that greater focus needs to be directed to coping strategies and to ways of facilitating adaptive outcomes in rehabilitation. Different coping strategies and psychosocial programmes must be designed and implemented to decrease the burden of care.

It is our pleasure to inform our Iranian Rehabilitation Journal readers and contributors that the journal had been indexed in IndexCopernicus Journals Master List which can be seen in http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/masterlist.php. We intend to enrich the quality and variety of articles in the future issues, so we kindly request all scholars and researchers to submit their manuscripts in wide range of topics related to rehabilitation. Despite the increasing recognition of the magnitude of disability throughout the world, in many countries the existing services are still meeting no more than two per cent of those in need. The World Health Organization has presented Community Based Rehabilitation as one contribution to meeting the challenge. It explores the value of this approach within the context of a rehabilitation program that has been operating in the rural areas and the spiritual motivation of the volunteers who comprise the backbone of this project is explored. Community Based Rehabilitation is a topic which Dr. Einar Helander who is famous in this field reviewed a paper on this issue. We will welcome manuscripts related to management specially virtual aspects of rehabilitation such as Tele-rehabilitation.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the Effectiveness of group Coping Skills training on reducing stress of mothers with mentally retarded children's.

Methods: The research method was quasi experimental with pre-test and post-test design with a control group. Population of the study was all of the mothers of mentally retarded children's that referred to welfare organization centers in Tehran. The sample was 44 mothers of mentally retarded children's that randomly selected from participations that had inclusion criteria. They were placed randomly in case group (22 mothers) and control group (22 mothers). Case group received 12 session’s of coping skills training, while control group didn’t receive any intervention.

Results: The results showed that case group had significantly decreased in stress level after intervention than control group (P<0.001).

Discussion: Results of this study indicated that coping skills training for decreasing stress level of mothers with mentally retarded children's is effective. Based on the results, coping skills training can be considered an effective program for prevention of stress and promoting coping skills in mothers with mentally retarded children's.

Objectives: Stigma is a negative value. Many behaviors are to ward Stigmatized people. Down syndrome is one of conditions with Stigma. The aim of this study is to determine the sources of labeling in iranian Down syndrome.

Methods: The View of 105 Down syndrome families concerning stigma were conducted. All of Down syndrome was under 50 years.

Results: A fair proportion of Down syndrome families perceived that stigma had a negative effect from social. Causes of stigma are different. Stigma due social interaction, Media and health professionals are significant than others.

Discussion: The diagnostic label of Down syndrome may render the person and his family vulnerable to stigmatization. The most causes of stigma were determined therefore, in the destigmatization programs, they must be attended. Stigma must be detected, too.

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to make questionnaire for screening body dysmorphic disorder sufferers in cosmetic clinics.

Methods: A sample of 150 female patients with age average 29.4 years completed Physical Appearance Concern Questionnaire. It has been used as screening tool for screening patients with body dysmorphic disorder symptoms in cosmetic clinics.

Results: Result of reliability analysis (α=0.908) and validity have shown the effectiveness of this questionnaire for recognizing individuals with BDD symptoms.

Discussion: Physical appearance concern questionnaire can be used in cosmetic clinics for identifying BDD sufferers among clients, with score for the severity of symptoms. Almost all of the researches have been studying in cosmetic clinics or dermatology settings and there is no investigation for people with special needs, thus further research is required in the development of a screening questionnaire or interview for identifying patients with BDD with special needs.

Iranian Rehabilitation Journal is the only English journal in Rehabilitation and research in Middle East. Number fourteen of this journal is going to be published with variety of articles in rehabilitation issues. We welcome original articles, reviews and case reports.
Open Access Journal is a journal that uses a funding model that does not charge readers or their institutions for access. DOAJ - Directory of Open Access Journals is one of them and it is our pleasure to announce that IRJ has been added to the directory of DOAJ. You can reach to Journals and articles from http://www.doaj.org/.
University of social welfare and Rehabilitation sciences is supporting IRJ to facilitate researches and scholars by updating articles online. Please do visit IRJ website regularly www.rehabj.ir.

Objectives: Emotional regulation refers to strategies that reduce, maintain or increase an emotion in people. The purpose of this study is to standard the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire in Tehran aged population.

Methods: The sample was selected randomly from 20 Jahandidhgan associations and consisted of 500 aged people from whom 338 people remained till the end of study. In order to define the dimensional structure a Principal Component Analysis with Varimax-rotation on item level was performed.

Results: The alpha coefficients of the various subscales across the diverse populations was 0/798 but the items 5, 7, 31, 6, 8, 32, 30, 29 and 12 had week co efficiency (0.84) which was consider as subscale.

Discussion: After some steps of analysis with Varimax-rotation, 7 factors was created and the 8th factors which was categorized as subscale was named as "acceptance of negative happenings". These results prove that the cognitive coping strategies can be used in Iranian aging population.

Objectives: During the past decades, cosmetic surgery has become increasingly popular. The purpose of this study is to make questionnaire for screening patients with negative body image in cosmetic clinics for special need people.

Methods: In the present study, 150 special need people in cosmetic clinics were randomly assigned to fill questionnaires for assessing body area concerns.

Results: Results of reliability analysis and validity have shown the effectiveness of this questionnaire for recognizing individuals with having negative body image. These preliminary results suggest that body dysmorphic disorder may be relatively common among patients seeking cosmetic surgery.

Discussion: A high proportion of participants in cosmetic clinics have demonstrated significant body image concerns. These relatively common body image concerns deserve more study in adolescents and people with special needs.