Iranian Rehabilitation Journal

● The most effective way for the treatment of Dupuytren’s contracture is to use splint after the operation.
● Exercise with the splinting effect is ineffective in reducing the contracture.
● Night static splints are effective in improving the range of motion and performance of their hands of Dupuytren’s contracture.

Plain Language Summary 
Dupuytren’s contracture is a controversial problem with orthopedics and rehabilitation. It is commonly used in surgical procedures, splint administration, and rehabilitation exercises. Considering the experience and studies of rehabilitation specialists, simultaneously, these methods have a more favorable outcome in improving hand function. Surgical technique, type of exercise, and how to use the splint are very important. According to the results of this study, splinting with postoperative exercises was more effective in surgical outcomes. Of course, the duration of using the splint, how to use it overnight or daily, and the length of use of the splint for better treatment results should be addressed to therapists.

● The occupational areas, where the mothers need to be more active to do them, could be limited to other areas like sleep/rest. This leads to an occupational imbalance in their roles and routines.
● Level of satisfaction of time use and general self-efficacy in mothers of children with CP decreased compared to mothers of typically developing children.

Plain Language Summary 
The presence of a child with CP in the family imposes two pressures upon the family. First, the high cost of treatment that the family has to spend more time on employment and income-generating. Second, spending too much time to care for a child with CP may have a negative impact on family employment and income-generating. The mother, as the main caregiver, spends her time and energy for caring and doing her child’s Activity of Daily Living (ADL) and may ignore her occupational balance in ADL.

● The high severity of MA dependence, poor motivation to change, and impaired psychological well-being were common. Reasons for MA use while undergoing methadone treatment included self-treatment and pleasure-seeking. MA treatment needs included effective psychological treatments, continued family support, and life skills.
● Stable living and financial conditions, drug-free living and working places, continued family support, and psychological counseling were the factors associated with MA treatment success.

Plain Language Summary 
The research reports the baseline characteristics of female methadone patients with MA use disorder. Self-treatment and pleasure-seeking were the reasons for MA use. Effective psychological treatments continued family support, and life skills were needed to treat women. Stable living and financial conditions, drug-free living and working places, continued family support, and psychological counseling were needed for MA treatment success.

● Most of the mothers of children and adolescents with Cerebral Palsy (CP) have overindulgence or overprotection attitudes toward their child.
● Contrary to expectations, only a small proportion of parental attitude toward children and adolescents with CP is influenced by child factors.
● Among the child factors, the most prominent predictor of lesser acceptance is spastic quadriplegia.

Plain Language Summary 
Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a disorder of movement and posture caused by damage to the developing brain. Parenting of children and adolescents with CP is often challenging and a burden to the family. Consequently, parents of these children may develop negative attitudes toward them and negative attitudes can cause a variety of psychosocial problems for the child, adolescent, or the family. Previous studies had shown that parental attitude toward children and adolescents with CP is influenced by a variety of factors such as the child’s age, sex, the severity of the disability, and birth order. But, could these factors influence parental attitudes in an Iranian context too? It was expected that the majority of the negative parental attitude toward children and adolescents with CP would be caused by child factors, and most importantly the child’s disability. However, no studies had already investigated that how much of the parental attitude is influenced by child factors. It was found in this study that the most common parental attitudes toward children and adolescents with CP are overindulgence and overprotection, but contrary to expectations, child factors influence only a small proportion of the parental attitude. In other words, the majority of the attitudes that parents of children and adolescents with CP have toward their child is caused by determinants other than child factors. In conclusion, there are two main implications for this study: (i) considering the importance of parental attitudes in the psychosocial development of the child, there is a need for interventions, other than common rehabilitation services, to promote parental acceptance. (ii) Further research needs to be conducted to specify the most prominent determinant of the parental attitude toward children and adolescents with CP.

● Balance and strength exercises are effective in improving static stability indices.
● The long-term application of balance and strength exercises is more effective in improving static stability indices than its short-term use.

Plain Language Summary 
Knee osteoarthritis is a chronic disease that is associated with functional limitations and pain. Neuromuscular disorders such as muscle weakness and proprioception disorder may lead to imbalance. The increased risk of falling and decreased motility in patients with knee osteoarthritis are attributed to equilibrium deficits. Exercise therapy, especially balance and strengthening exercises, is effective in the rehabilitation program of these patients. The present study aimed at investigating the effect of balance and strengthening exercises on static stability indices in females with knee osteoarthritis. The result shows that strengthening can improve more stability indices in females with knee osteoarthritis, especially in its long-term application.

● Filial play therapy reduced the severity of hyperactivity and increased the attention of children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).
● The Adlerian play therapy reduced the severity of hyperactivity and increased attentional performance of children with ADHD.
● Filial play therapy had a more constructive effect compared with the Adlerian play therapy on the attention and hyperactivity of the children.

Plain Language Summary 
Children with ADHD have symptoms of hyperactivity, impulsivity, lack of attention, and disruption of social relationships. In addition to pharmacy therapy, it is shown that the non-prescriptive methods like play therapy could also be effective in treating them. In this study, the effect of two play therapy methods, including Filial (child-parents) and Adlerian (child-therapist) play therapy on increasing the attention and reduction of hyperactivity has been investigated and compared in these children. The result showed that both methods have been effective in increasing the attention and diminishing their hyperactivity. However, Filial therapy had a more beneficial effect compared with the Adlerian play therapy on the attention and hyperactivity of children.

● Acceptance and commitment therapy is effective in obsessive-compulsive disorder in women with breast cancer.
● There are significant differences between the control and experimental groups.

Plain Language Summary 
Among all types of cancer, breast cancer is the most common among women and is the second leading cause of death in women aged 35-55 years old. The same changes result in unpleasant thoughts and feelings about their bodies that eventually develop obsessive-compulsive disorder in their bodies. Body dysmorphic disorder is a seriously debilitating disorder that is often difficult to treat and most women suffer from the disease. The present study is a quasi-experimental research with a pre-test; post-test; follow-up design with the control group; the aim of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy-based treatment to obsessive-compulsive disorder in women with breast cancer in 2016. Of these, 30 patients were selected by convenience sampling method; they were randomly assigned to the control and experimental groups (15 patients in each group). The experimental group received 8 sessions (each session 60 minutes) undergoing acceptance and commitment books of Hayes et al. The results of this study showed that acceptance and commitment therapy reduced physical dissatisfaction and fear of evaluating the negation of the experimental group compared to the control group in the post-test stage.

● Obesity and overweight are distressing to psychiatric patients, which may have consequences for adherence to treatment, and affect the outcomes of rehabilitation programs.
● The administration of metformin 1000 mg/day for 12 weeks for obese patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder can reduce the weight and BMI of patients in week 12 and decrease waist circumference in week 8.
● Metformin had no significant effect on the reduction of serum fasting blood glucose and lipid profiles compared with the placebo group.

Plain Language Summary 
Obesity and the risk of cardiovascular disease are high in patients with schizophrenia and significantly cause premature death in these patients, but the use of metformin prevents adverse outcomes.

● Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist is an appropriate biomarker for evaluating the response rates in patients with schizophrenia.
● Interleukin 2 is an appropriate biomarker for evaluating the response rates in patients with schizophrenia.
● Interleukin 6 is an appropriate biomarker for evaluating the response rates in patients with schizophrenia.

Plain Language Summary 
In the future, psychiatrists can use the appropriate pattern of treatment for patients to measure the serum level of blood biomarkers to follow the treatment of patients with schizophrenia. The interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), interleukin-2, and interleukin-6 are probably biomarkers for considering response rates in patients with schizophrenia.

● Severe vitamin D3 deficiency, cancer, and anemia history can increase the risk of dementia.
● The risk of dementia in individuals with chronic vitamin D deficiency was lower than the ones with acute vitamin D deficiency.

Plain Language Summary 
The fifth cause of death in older adults, dementia, is a neurodegenerative disease, causing memory loss and functional impairment. The massive financial burden of care for patients with dementia and the lack of an effective treatment for postponing or stopping dementia make it an indispensable task to identify and manage preventable medical risk factors. In a case-control study, we compared 180 patients with dementia with 371 non-demented controls for medical risk factors. Among the surveyed medical risk factors, only acute and chronic vitamin D3 deficiency, anemia, and cancer history increased the risk of dementia for the individuals. Thus, managing or preventing these risk factors can be an effective preventive measure against dementia.

1- tDSC over dorsolateral prefrontal cortex reduces cue-induce craving in patients with methamphetamine use disorder.
2- tDCS over dorsolateral prefrontal cortex has no effect on instant craving in patients with methamphetamine use disorder.

Plain Language Summary 
This clinical trial study performed to exam the effects of a neurotherapeutic intervention (tDSC) on drug craving in patients with methamphetamine use disorder. The findings indicate that this intervention is effective in reducing cue induced craving but has no effect on instant craving. this finding could be considered in prevention of relapsing in clinical intervention of drug use disorders and future investigations in this field.