Iranian Rehabilitation Journal

● Considering the lack of comprehensive measures for assessing participation in different ages, developing measures based on cultural properties seems necessary.

Plain Language Summary 
Occupational therapy focuses on enabling people to participate in everyday occupations that are meaningful to them, giving them a sense of satisfaction, and leading them to their involvement in everyday life. Therapists should consider individual, cultural, and familial nature of the concept of participation and use appropriate assessments and interventions.

● Cancer detection and its related treatments impose unwanted physical and psychological complications on children and their families.
● Occupational therapy can be effective in controlling the symptoms and managing functional problems of cancer and its related treatments.
● Familiarizing physicians, nurses, and other professionals with occupational therapy can facilitate the early diagnosis of functional difficulties and referral process.

Plain Language Summary 
Cancer is one of the most common diseases in children that can affect the daily life of children and their families. Besides, prolonged, multiple, unpleasant, and aggressive cancer treatments impose unwanted symptoms and restrictions on the child and the family. Occupational therapy can be effective in reducing some of these symptoms and related functional problems. However, because of the specific conditions of childhood cancers and oncology wards, occupational therapists have been less involved in this field. Familiarizing physicians, nurses, and other related professionals with the occupational therapy process and services can facilitate the early diagnosis of child functional problems and appropriate referral to occupational therapy.

● The Persian version of the SDPPS has convenient content and construct validity.
● The Persian version of the SDPPS has proper internal consistency and test-retest reliability.
● The Persian version of the SDPPS is an acceptable, valid, and reliable tool to assess the parents’ perception regarding adolescent self-determination. 

Plain Language Summary 
Self-determination knowledge and skills are important life skills for success throughout one’s life. Parents have unique experiential foundations to evaluate their children’s skills and identify areas of strength and the needs for self-determination. In this regard, we need to evaluate the self-determination of youth from the perspectives of their parents. In this study, researchers translated and validated an instrument to measure adolescents’ self-determination from parents’ perception. The results showed that the Self-determination Parent Perception Scale is a reliable measure to assess the parents’ perception about adolescents’ self-determination in Iranian parents.

● Some characteristics should be implemented in designing the first online HIV education program for Iranian female methadone patients.
● Information for focused action (awareness about the epidemic and response) using the effective visual and audio presentation are needed for the program.
● Effective interventions for impact evaluation (covering the needed services) using short-term documentary movies and animations are needed for the program.
● The program delivery for understanding (covering the population needed services) by problem-solving and taking quiz is needed for the program. 

Plain Language Summary 
The research reported the characteristics of an online HIV education program for Iranian female methadone patients. The results indicated that awareness about the HIV epidemic and response using effective visual and audio presentation; covering needed HIV services by short-term documentary movies and animations and covering the population who need services by problem-solving and taking quiz are the most important characteristics that should be considered in designing the first online HIV educational program for Iranian women.

● Internal consistency of the balance and gait subscores and all items of the Performance-Oriented Mobility Assessment was excellent. 
● Test-retest and inter-rater reliability of the balance and gait subscores and the total score of the POMA was almost perfect agreement. 
● The correlation between the total score of the POMA and the results of the BBS, FAB, DGI, walking speed, and step test were acceptable.
● Factor analysis of the POMA supported a two-factor model.

Plain Language Summary 
Balance and gait impairments are two important risk factors for falling in older adults. Performance-oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA) is one of the functional measures used to evaluate balance, gait, and fall risk. Similar to other functional scales, evaluating psychometric properties of the POMA followed by the accurate translation and cross-cultural adaptation for the target population and culture are needed to use this scale in different population groups. In this regard, this study was conducted to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of POMA in community-dwelling older adults and the results showed its excellent psychometric properties in this population. 

● The satisfaction of family members is one of the most important factors influencing the effective functioning of a family.
● Having a child with autism can significantly affect the families, especially the parents; their mothers have lower mental health and marital satisfaction.

Plain Language Summary 
The parents of children with autism compared with the parents of normal children, constantly engage in problems with their children, instead of thinking about issues that improve their lives. This study was aimed at investigating the effects of having an autistic child on their parents’ marital satisfaction and happiness and comparing it with those having a normal child. The obtained results indicated a relationship between the autism disorders of children and their parents’ marital satisfaction and happiness.

● Our results found a criterion for assessing the ability to produce oral movements in normal young and elderly subjects.
● It is suggested that education is effective on the DDK rate; however, gender was not found effective. 

Plain Language Summary 
Oral diadochokinesis rate refers to the ability to produce fast and repetitive movements with vocal organs. The DDK rate can indicate the physiological and structural changes in the central nervous system and the peripheral components of the oral and speech production mechanisms. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the DDK rate between Iranian young adults and elderly. The results indicated that the elderly’s diadochokinesis rate was slower than the young people, which can be used for the diagnosis of individuals unable to produce repetitive and fast oral movements and also as a basis for clinical assessments. 

● Drug-related charges were the largest category of arrest charges.
● Arrestees with drug abuse were predominantly young males, often single, with a low level of education.
● The mean age of arrestees with drug abuse significantly decreased every year.
● The number of arrestees with drug abuse who referred to the rehabilitation camps significantly increased.

Plain Language Summary 
In small cities of Iran, which are situated on trafficking routes, drug addiction and trafficking are prevalent among young people. Drug charges comprised the largest category of arrest charges in Shahroud, Iran. Regarding the high cost and negative effects of imprisoning the substance users, many authorities have begun to consider different alternatives approaches. The number of arrestees with drug abuse referring to the rehabilitation camps significantly increased over time in both men and women. It should be noted that those who were referred to compulsory camps by the police are treated free of charge. Individual, family, and group counseling is included in the considered intervention in camps to prevent relapse after recovery and achieve complete abstinence. 

● Chronic stroke survivors with high FoF have greater gait and standing balance asymmetry than those without FoF.

Plain Language Summary 
High FoF is related to gait and balance disturbance in individuals with chronic stroke. Health care personnel, who see persons with stroke, can address FoF within therapeutic programs to help patients resume a more functional gait and balance.

● The children aged 4-6 years can express questions via wh-words in both spontaneous and elicited conditions.
● Asking questions in preschool children is an indicator of development in terms of linguistic and cognitive domains.

Plain Language Summary 
The current study was conducted to assess the ability to ask wh-question. The result of the study indicated that 4- to 6-year-old Persian-speaking children can ask questions effectively in both spontaneous and elicited probes.

● Addiction to smartphone and the Internet is considered a major area of health concern.
● The identification of smartphone overuse, with possible addiction, and the identification of those at risk of becoming addicted appear necessary.
● The Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS) is a self-reported developed scale, which assesses the pathological smartphone use and potential addiction.
● A Persian version was obtained, which was culturally and linguistically equivalent to the original version.

Plain Language Summary 
The identification of smartphone overuse, with possible addiction, and the identification of those at risk of becoming addicted appear necessary. There are a variety of instruments designed to assess smartphone addiction. Among them, the SAS is the most valid and reliable one, which is translated into various languages. Because of the potential for cultural differences in health and usage habits, outcome tools should be systematically translated and adapted and, then, validated for use within different cultural contexts. The present research reported the successful psychometric evaluation of an applicable tool that measures pathological smartphone use and potential addiction.

● Enhanced milieu teaching in the form of Teach-Model-Coach-Review has been adapted to Persian.
● Persian-adapted Teach-Model-Coach-Review improves Iranian mothers’ language strategies.
● The Teach-Model-Coach-Review model provides a systematic way of parents’ education of language strategies.

Plain Language Summary 
Parents of children with communication problems cannot sometimes use language strategies efficiently while interacting with their children. So, it may affect the children’s communication skills in the natural environment. A model called Teach-Model-Coach-Review that follows the principles of milieu teaching makes the parents’ education more systematic and comprehensive. The current study adopted this model to Iranian society to provide Iranian speech therapists with the first systematic protocol for parents, whose children’s expressive language is delayed. The language strategies that were targeted in this study included noticing and responding, turn-taking, and expanding.Four children with their mothers attended a series of speech therapy sessions. We asked the mothers to look at different strategies modeled by the clinician. Then, they were asked to react to each strategy, and they were coached during performing strategies with their children. All steps were video-recorded and, finally, the clinician reviewed all steps with the mother by watching the recordings and provided feedback to the mothers. Iranian mothers learned and used all language strategies with high levels of accuracy and their children showed improvements in vocabulary targets. Hence, it is suggested that Iranian speech therapists implement this model in clinical settings to make the parents’ education more systematic and effective.