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Volume 21, Issue 2 (June 2023)
Iranian Rehabilitation Journal 2023, 21(2): 231-238 |
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Sheikh S, Poursadeghian M, Rohaninasab M, Vatani J, Akhlaghi Pirposhteh E, Ahmadi-Mazhin S, et al . The Incidence of Lung Cancer and Smoking in Iran, Turkey, England, and the USA: A Comparative Study. Iranian Rehabilitation Journal 2023; 21 (2) :231-238
URL: http://irj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1593-en.html
URL: http://irj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1593-en.html
Samira Sheikh1 
, Mohsen Poursadeghian2 , Marzieh Rohaninasab3 , Javad Vatani4 , Elham Akhlaghi Pirposhteh5 , Sadegh Ahmadi-Mazhin6 , Ali Salehi Sahlabadi7 , Maliheh Eshaghzadeh8 , Amir Hassan Dehghan Nayeri1 , Alireza Khammar * 9
, Mohsen Poursadeghian2 , Marzieh Rohaninasab3 , Javad Vatani4 , Elham Akhlaghi Pirposhteh5 , Sadegh Ahmadi-Mazhin6 , Ali Salehi Sahlabadi7 , Maliheh Eshaghzadeh8 , Amir Hassan Dehghan Nayeri1 , Alireza Khammar * 9
1- Student Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Scienses, Semnan, Iran.
2- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
3- Department of Aestetic and Restorative, School of Dental, International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran, Iran.
4- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Guilan Road Trauma Research Center, School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
5- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
6- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
7- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
8- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran.
9- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Toxicology and Addiction Research Center, School of Health, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran.
2- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
3- Department of Aestetic and Restorative, School of Dental, International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran, Iran.
4- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Guilan Road Trauma Research Center, School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
5- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
6- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
7- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
8- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran.
9- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Toxicology and Addiction Research Center, School of Health, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran.
Abstract: (1591 Views)
Objectives: Lung cancer is the deadliest and the costliest cancer in the world. In this study, we compared the situation of this disease in several countries by considering the most important risk factor of lung cancer (smoking).
Methods: This is a comparative study, a comprehensive one which was done on lung cancer rates in four countries: Iran, Turkey, England, and the USA, during the past twenty years (2002-2021). Age-standardized rate (ASR) index and the percentage of smokers were extracted from available information in the World Health Organization (WHO) databases, The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Health Statistics 2021, and other valid related articles. After comparison, control procedures were examined.
Results: England, with an ASR of 46, has the highest rate of lung cancer, and Iran, with an ASR of 21, has the lowest rate. Turkey has the highest percentage of smokers (29.3%), and the lowest percentage belongs to Iran (20%). Regarding the increasing trend of the ASR index, lung cancer in Iran and Turkey has had an upward trend, and England and the United States have a downward trend. Taxes on cigarettes are a significant factor in smoking reduction. Among these 4 countries, the lowest cigarette tax belongs to Iran (4.83%).
Discussion: The result of this study shows that the incidence of lung cancer in Iran is rising, so following successful countries in imposing cigarette taxes can be an effective step to reduce smoking. Training programs, cultural improvement, and new diagnostic methods can also be useful in reducing lung cancer ASR.
Coresponding author: Alireza Khammar, E-mail: alireza.khammar@zbmu.ac.ir
You can also search for this author in: PubMed, Google Scholar
Methods: This is a comparative study, a comprehensive one which was done on lung cancer rates in four countries: Iran, Turkey, England, and the USA, during the past twenty years (2002-2021). Age-standardized rate (ASR) index and the percentage of smokers were extracted from available information in the World Health Organization (WHO) databases, The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Health Statistics 2021, and other valid related articles. After comparison, control procedures were examined.
Results: England, with an ASR of 46, has the highest rate of lung cancer, and Iran, with an ASR of 21, has the lowest rate. Turkey has the highest percentage of smokers (29.3%), and the lowest percentage belongs to Iran (20%). Regarding the increasing trend of the ASR index, lung cancer in Iran and Turkey has had an upward trend, and England and the United States have a downward trend. Taxes on cigarettes are a significant factor in smoking reduction. Among these 4 countries, the lowest cigarette tax belongs to Iran (4.83%).
Discussion: The result of this study shows that the incidence of lung cancer in Iran is rising, so following successful countries in imposing cigarette taxes can be an effective step to reduce smoking. Training programs, cultural improvement, and new diagnostic methods can also be useful in reducing lung cancer ASR.
Coresponding author: Alireza Khammar, E-mail: alireza.khammar@zbmu.ac.ir
You can also search for this author in: PubMed, Google Scholar
Article type: Original Research Articles |
Subject:
Social Welfare
Received: 2022/02/2 | Accepted: 2023/03/14 | Published: 2023/06/7
Received: 2022/02/2 | Accepted: 2023/03/14 | Published: 2023/06/7
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